Pesticide Residues and Health Risk Assessment in Tomatoes and Lettuces from Farms of Metropolitan Region Chile

Elgueta, Sebastián; Valenzuela, Marcela; Fuentes, Marcela; Meza, Pablo; Manzur, Juan Pablo; Liu, Shaofeng; Zhao, Guoqing; Correa, Arturo

doi:10.3390/molecules25020355

Cited by 38 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Each sample size consisted of 2 kg of fresh tomatoes wrapped in aluminium foil. The samples were processed using a grinder, and then stored in a flask and frozen at −20 °C, according to the protocol previously described elsewhere [ 22 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Analytical grade pesticides standards (over 99% purity) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA), HPLC (Cunnersdorf, Deutschland), and Chem Service (West Chester, PA, USA). Solvents and chemicals were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) [ 22 ]. QuEChERS extraction systems were purchased from UCT (Bristol, PA, USA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This regulation defines the maximum levels of pesticide residues that can be present in food, in accordance with the principles established by the Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) [ 21 ]. The use of pesticides with a reasonable certainty of no harm, the pesticide doses administered, and the concentration of pesticide residues which remain in food, as well as laws approved by the government are supervised by SAG [ 22 ]. In 2019, a new regulation regarding pesticides containing methamidophos, carbofuran, and azinphos-methyl was legally implemented, enforcing their removal from the Chilean market by June 2021 [ 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Multi-Pesticide Residues and Dietary Risk Assessment in Fresh Tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum) from Local Supermarkets of the Metropolitan Region, Chile

Elgueta

Valenzuela

Fuentes

et al. 2021

Toxics

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In recent years, the official authorities in Chile have reported transgressions in the maximum residue levels of pesticides in fresh vegetables. There is no official information about traceability, pesticide levels, and potential health risks. The aim of this study was to analyse pesticide residues and their corresponding dietary risk assessments in tomatoes from supermarkets in the Metropolitan Region. Pesticides were extracted using the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe, QuEChERS method, and their concentrations were determined by using chromatography with HPLC-FL/UV and GC-MS/ECD/NPD, following the Analytical Quality Control and Method Validation Procedures for Pesticides Residues Analysis in Food and Feed, SANTE guide and ISO 17025:2017 standard. In addition, a dietary risk assessment was carried out by comparing Chilean data to international references. The results reported that 9% of the samples had pesticide residue levels above the maximum residue levels permitted in Chile. All the scenarios evaluated revealed the highest estimated daily intake and hazard quotients for methamidophos and chlorpyrifos. Both the active substances used were acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and were neurotoxic under chronic risk assessment. The results showed the highest chronic hazard index in the Chilean scenario for all age groups and genders. The evidence obtained revealed that methamidophos, methomyl, and chlorpyrifos should be restricted for their use in Chilean agriculture.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Analysis of Multi-Pesticide Residues and Dietary Risk Assessment in Fresh Tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum) from Local Supermarkets of the Metropolitan Region, Chile

Elgueta

Valenzuela

Fuentes

et al. 2021

Toxics

Self Cite

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“…De Silva et al (2010) add that these pesticides are also toxic to pollinators such as bees and have been associated with reduced bee populations. Statistics on residual levels of mancozeb in Kenya are still limited but grey studies from elsewhere such as Chile (Elgueta et al, 2020) and Uganda (Atuhaire et al, 2017;Kaye et al, 2015) have shown residue levels to be as much as seven times the prescribed levels. Sadly, mancozeb is a known carcinogen in rats and can cause Parkinsons' disease in humans (Ibid).…”

Section: Effects Of Misuse Of Agrochemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Vegetable Commercialization on Food Safety

M'ithibutu¹,

Gogo²,

Mangale³

et al. 2021

AJAFS

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The commercialization of fresh vegetables is crucial in enhancing revenues from commercial vegetable farming and ensuring reliable supply of high-quality produce for consumers. However, this is only guaranteed under ethical application of agrochemicals beyond which can lead in a more pronounced public health as well as environmental hazards. The present paper sought to examine the influence of commercialization on food safety. Vegetable samples weighing between 1 to 2 kg were purchased from randomly selected producers in two major producing counties (Kiambu and Kirinyaga) in Kenya. All samples were freeze-dried and stored in an ice chess box, to minimize contamination. Then the samples were labeled, and transported to the laboratory for processing and testing. All approved samples were subjected to the QuEChERS preparation method for pesticides and quantified using gas chromatography equipped with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Lab results tested positive for 13 problematic pesticides including known carcinogens and highly hazardous agrochemicals such as Malathion, chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos. The most common agrochemical was carbofuran (67%) in terms of insecticide. For the case of fungicides, the most common was mancozeb (60%) and metalaxyl (58%). Food safety issues are caused mainly by not observing preharvest intervals, excessive application of chemicals and use of illegal agrochemicals. Chemical residues in food mainly results in carcinogenic diseases (43 to 49%), stomach related problems (15 to 19%), eye related problems (10 to 15%), and skin related problems (11 to 14%) and breathing difficulties (10 to 12%). This study demonstrates that there is a problem of agrochemical use and food safety concerns and kale and tomato value chain.

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“…This is not to say that residues are never detected in these vegetables. Elgueta et al [ 22 ] and Skovgaard et al [ 23 ] detected pesticide residues in 50% of lettuce samples with 16–20% of samples above the MRL. Santareli et al [ 24 ] also detected many lettuce samples over the MRL in Italy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of the Degradation of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Herbicides in Vegetables

Jursík

Hamouzová

Hajšlová

2021

Foods

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(1) Background: Aryloxyphenoxy-propionates and cyclohexanediones are herbicides most widely used in dicot crops worldwide. The main objective of the study was to determine the dynamics of herbicide residues in carrot, lettuce, cauliflower, and onion in order to suggest a low level of residues in harvested vegetables. (2) Methods: Small plot field trials were carried out in four vegetables in the Czech Republic. The samples of vegetables were collected continuously during the growing season. Multiresidue methods for the determination of herbicide residues by LC-MS/MS were used. Non-linear models of degradation of individual herbicides in vegetables were calculated using the exponential decay formula. Actionpre-harvest intervals for the 25% and 50% maximum residue limit (MRL) and 10 µg kg−1 limit (baby food) were established for all tested herbicides. (3) Results: The degradation dynamics of fluazifop in carrot, onion, and cauliflower was significantly slower compared to quizalofop and haloxyfop. The highest amount (2796 µg kg−1) of fluazifop residues was detected in cauliflower 11 days after application. No residue of propaquizafop and cycloxydim was detected in any vegetable samples. (4) Conclusions: Aryloxyphenoxy-propionate herbicide (except propaquizafop) could contaminate vegetables easily, especially vegetables with a short growing season. Vegetables treated with fluazifop are not suitable for baby food. Lettuce and cauliflower treated by quizalofop are not suitable for baby food, but in onion and carrot, quizalofop could be used. Propaquizafop and cycloxydim are prospective herbicides for non-residual (baby food) vegetable production.

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Pesticide Residues and Health Risk Assessment in Tomatoes and Lettuces from Farms of Metropolitan Region Chile

Cited by 38 publications

References 34 publications

Analysis of Multi-Pesticide Residues and Dietary Risk Assessment in Fresh Tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum) from Local Supermarkets of the Metropolitan Region, Chile

Analysis of Multi-Pesticide Residues and Dietary Risk Assessment in Fresh Tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum) from Local Supermarkets of the Metropolitan Region, Chile

Effect of Vegetable Commercialization on Food Safety

Dynamics of the Degradation of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Herbicides in Vegetables

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