Pesticide Residues and Risk Assessment from Monitoring Programs in the Largest Production Area of Leafy Vegetables in South Korea: A 15-Year Study

Park, Duck Woong; Yang, Yong Shik; Lee, Yeong-Un; Han, Sue Ji; Kim, Hye Jin; Kim, Sun‐Hee; Kim, Jong Pil; Cho, Sun Ju; Lee, Davin; Song, Nanju; Han, Yujin; Kim, Hyo Hee; Cho, Bae-Sik; Chung, Jae Keun; Kim, Ae Gyeong

doi:10.3390/foods10020425

Cited by 29 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Our ndings con rm similar ndings to other studies carried out in Poland, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia which found that many pesticides had a HQ>1 [46,65,66]. On the other hand, literature from Turkey, Poland, Ghana, China and South Korea showed no chronic health risk associated with pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables [53,54,58,60,[67][68][69][70]. using probabilistic modelling, Z Eslami, V Mahdavi and B Tajdar-Oranj [57] in Iran found that pesticide residues did not pose health risks to adults and children.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The number of pesticides with EDIs greater than the ADI decreased with age with 18, 13, 9, 11, 8, 9, and 9 for age groups under 5 years, 5-12, 13-19, 20-25, 36-49 and 50+ years respectively. Dichlorvos had the highest risk with a HQ of 444 followed by alanycarb (314), Fonofos (68), fenitrothion (62), dioxacarb (55) and benfuracarb (24) among children under 5 with a similar trend across age groups (see supplementary table 2). Overall, HQ values decreased across age groups with children under 5 presenting highest risks and adults 50+ having the lowest chronic health risks for the nine pesticides as shown in Figure 2.…”

Section: Health Risk Assessment By Age Groupmentioning

confidence: 81%

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An Assessment Of Health Risks Posed By Consumption Of Pesticide Residues In Fruits And Vegetables Among Residents In The Kampala Metropolitan Area In Uganda

Ssemugabo

Bradman

Ssempebwa

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: Pesticide use for fruits and vegetable production in Uganda may result in presence of residues on produce which may pose health risks to consumers. Uganda does not have an established system for monitoring pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables and assessing potential health risks. This research aimed to conduct a health risk assessment of presence of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables in the Kampala Metropolitan Area in Uganda.Method: Pesticides were measured in 160 fruits and vegetables samples collected at farms, markets, street vendors, restaurants and homes using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fruit and vegetable consumption information was collected from 2,177 people. Pesticide concentrations were compared with European Union maximum residual limits (MRLs). Mean values of pesticide concentration residues found in the sample of fruits and vegetables; and fruits and vegetables intake and body weight were used to calculate the estimated daily intake (EDI) of pesticide residues. EDI values were compared with acceptable daily intakes (ADI) to calculate the hazard quotient by age group, and stage at which consumption happens along the chain. Results: Overall, 57 pesticides were detected in fruits and vegetables from farm to fork. Of the 57, 39 pesticides were detected in all the fruits and vegetables studied. Concentrations of fonofos, fenitrothion and fenhexamid were above the European Union MRLs in some samples. Hazard quotients based on dietary ingestion scenarios for eighteen pesticides, including dichlorvos (444) alanycarb (314), fonofos (68), fenitrothion (62), dioxacarb (55) and benfuracarb (24) and others, were above 1, indicating the possibility of chronic health risk to consumers. Chronic health risk decreased with age but was stable for stage at which consumption happens along the food chain. The number of pesticides with EDI greater than the ADI decreased with increase in age; with 18, 13, 9, 11, 8, 9, and 9 pesticides for age groups <5, 5-12, 13-19, 20-25, 36-49 and ≥50 respectively.Conclusion: Chronic dietary pesticide exposures to Ugandans are likely common, and for some pesticides result in exposure exceeding health-based benchmarks. Risks were highest for younger participants. There is an urgent need to increase monitoring and regulation of pesticides in fruits and vegetables in order to protect consumers, especially the children who are especially vulnerable to the adverse effects of pesticides.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Health Risk Assessment By Age Groupmentioning

confidence: 81%

An Assessment Of Health Risks Posed By Consumption Of Pesticide Residues In Fruits And Vegetables Among Residents In The Kampala Metropolitan Area In Uganda

Ssemugabo

Bradman

Ssempebwa

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…The use of pesticides, if not appropriate, may lead to problems like contamination of the water, potential damage to sensitive species (e.g., bees), contamination of final food products and water, with up to 90% of applied pesticides not reaching the target species, and, also, because of the development of resistant pathogens and pests [ 39 ]. A high number of PPPs were not reauthorized (or companies did not provide the dossier for the reregistration of products out of patent, due to high costs and uncertain benefits) and leaves a gap for several uses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basic Substances, a Sustainable Tool to Complement and Eventually Replace Synthetic Pesticides in the Management of Pre and Postharvest Diseases: Reviewed Instructions for Users

et al. 2022

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Synthetic pesticides are widely used to protect crops from pathogens and pests, especially for fruits and vegetables, and this may lead to the presence of residues on fresh produce. Improving the sustainability of agriculture and, at the same time, reducing the adverse effects of synthetic pesticides on human health requires effective alternatives that improve the productivity while maintaining the food quality and safety. Moreover, retailers increasingly request fresh produce with the amounts of pesticides largely below the official maximum residue levels. Basic substances are relatively novel compounds that can be used in plant protection without neurotoxic or immune-toxic effects and are still poorly known by phytosanitary consultants (plant doctors), researchers, growers, consumers, and decision makers. The focus of this review is to provide updated information about 24 basic substances currently approved in the EU and to summarize in a single document their properties and instructions for users. Most of these substances have a fungicidal activity (calcium hydroxide, chitosan, chitosan hydrochloride, Equisetum arvense L., hydrogen peroxide, lecithins, cow milk, mustard seed powder, Salix spp., sunflower oil, sodium chloride, sodium hydrogen carbonate, Urtica spp., vinegar, and whey). Considering the increasing requests from consumers of fruits and vegetables for high quality with no or a reduced amount of pesticide residues, basic substances can complement and, at times, replace the application of synthetic pesticides with benefits for users and for consumers. Large-scale trials are important to design the best dosage and strategies for the application of basic substances against pathogens and pests in different growing environments and contexts.

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“…In the Republic of Korea, tricyclazole has been listed as a monitored pesticides, which is required for agricultural commodities when they are imported for the first time because of the high retention frequency [37,38]. In the Republic of Korea, the maximum residue limit (MRL) of tricyclazole is set at 0.05 mg/kg for spinach, a leafy vegetable . Although the regulation of pesticide residue in soil has not been established, the possible pesticide residual concentration in soil that can produce a safe crop can be suggested based on the BCF data from this study.…”

Section: Suggested Management Concentration Of Soil Tricyclazolementioning

confidence: 99%

Translocation of residual ethoprophos and tricyclazole from soil to spinach

et al. 2021

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The dissipation of ethoprophos and tricyclazole in soil and their translocation tendency to spinach were investigated. Prior to field trials, the analytical method for the determination of these pesticide residues was optimized and validated on soil and spinach. The field trial was conducted under greenhouse conditions for two different pretreatment periods with the pesticides. After treating with pesticides 30 (PBI-30) and 60 days (PBI-60) before seeding, soil samples were collected on different days for the dissipation study of soil. Spinach samples were harvested from the soil, and 50% and 100% mature spinach samples were collected. The initial amounts of ethoprophos residue in the PBI-60 and PBI-30 soils were 0.21 and 2.74 mg/kg, respectively, and these both decreased to less than 0.01 mg/kg on the day of spinach harvest. Similar initial residues of tricyclazole were observed in the PBI-60 (0.87 mg/kg) and PBI-30 soils (0.84 mg/kg), and these decreased to 0.44 and 0.34 mg/kg, respectively. The half-lives of ethoprophos in the soils were calculated as 7.6 and 4.8 days, respectively, while relatively long half-lives of 36.5 and 77.0 days were calculated for tricyclazole. According to the pesticide residue amounts in the spinach, the translocation rate from the soil to the spinach was determined. In the case of ethoprophos, the residual amount was already rapidly degraded in the soil, and the translocation rate could not be confirmed. On the other hand, for tricyclazole, it was confirmed that 1.19 to 1.61% of the residual amount in soil was transferred to spinach. According to these results, safe management guidelines for tricyclazole in soil were suggested considering the maximum residue limit on spinach.

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Pesticide Residues and Risk Assessment from Monitoring Programs in the Largest Production Area of Leafy Vegetables in South Korea: A 15-Year Study

Cited by 29 publications

References 18 publications

An Assessment Of Health Risks Posed By Consumption Of Pesticide Residues In Fruits And Vegetables Among Residents In The Kampala Metropolitan Area In Uganda

An Assessment Of Health Risks Posed By Consumption Of Pesticide Residues In Fruits And Vegetables Among Residents In The Kampala Metropolitan Area In Uganda

Basic Substances, a Sustainable Tool to Complement and Eventually Replace Synthetic Pesticides in the Management of Pre and Postharvest Diseases: Reviewed Instructions for Users

Translocation of residual ethoprophos and tricyclazole from soil to spinach

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