Pesticide Residues and Their Metabolites in Grapes and Wines from Conventional and Organic Farming System

Abstract

In this study, the occurrence of pesticide residues and their metabolites in grapes and wines was investigated. A targeted analysis of 406 pesticide residues in 49 wine and grape samples from organic and conventional production were performed using the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) extraction method, followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Multiple residues (>4 residues/sample) were detected in 22 tested samples. The most commonly detected residues were fungicides (e.g., boscalid) and insecticides (e.g., methoxyfenozide). An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry method (UHPLC–(HR)MS) was used for screening of pesticide metabolites. We also provide a method and database for detecting pesticide metabolites (extending our previously published database to 49 metabolites originating from 25 pesticides). An introduced strategy of targeted screening of pesticide metabolites was applied for authentication of 27 organic grapes and wines. In total, 23 samples were free of quantifiable residues/detected metabolites or contained residues approved for organic production.

Utilizing a Rapid Multi-Plug Filtration Cleanup Method for 72 Pesticide Residues in Grape Wines Followed by Detection with Gas Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

“…During the grape cultivation period, it is common practice in vineyards to use pesticides, such as fungicides, insecticides and herbicides, to obtain high production. Grapes receive multiple doses of pesticides, which may partly transfer into wine [4][5][6][7][8]. In previous market surveillance studies [9][10][11][12][13], metalaxyl, procymidone, fenhexamid, cyprodinil, azoxystrobin and iprodione were detected in commercial grape wines; tebuconazol, metalaxyl and cyprodinil represent the most frequently detected pesticides.…”

“…Grape wine samples, including fifty red grape wines and twenty white grape wines, were purchased at supermarkets in Beijing and they belonged to several vintages between 2011 and 2018. Seventy samples were produced in wineries from different countries: China (42), France (7), Spain (5), Portugal (5), Italy (4), Australia (4) and the USA (3). The alcoholic strength ranged from 10% to 15% (Alc/vol).…”

“…The QuEChERS cleanup technique belongs to the dispersive solid-phase extraction (dispersive SPE) class [39]. To date, there have been many reports on the application of QuEChERSbased methods for analyzing pesticides in wines [7,17,[40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49].…”

Transfer of Pesticide Residues from Grapes (Vitis vinifera) into Wine—Correlation with Selected Physicochemical Properties of the Active Substances

“…The European Union is the world’s largest wine producer with a production volume of around 156 million hectoliters per year [ 5 ]. To protect grapevines ( Vitis vinifera L.) from competing weeds, bacterial and viral diseases, fungi, insects, and further pests, they are commonly treated with pesticides [ 6 , 7 ]. Depending on factors such as chemical structure and physicochemical properties of the substances, but also ecophysiology, and weather conditions (e.g., humidity, rainfall, temperature), as well as agronomic practices, pesticide residues sometimes remain in or on the grapes at harvest [ 8 ].…”

Characterization of VOCs Emitted by Foliage of Grapevine cv. Isabella for Prospecting Innovative Cropping Systems

“…Several pests and diseases affect grapevine production; thus, an intensive pesticide schedule is often required to meet production standards [39]. Nevertheless, it has been demonstrated that a continuous use of plant protection products has several negative implications for the environment and human health [40,41]. Consequently, there is a strong need to explore and re-valorize strategies to achieve sustainable production standards.…”