Pesticides, Anthropogenic Activities, History and the Health of Our Environment: Lessons from Africa

Manyilizu, Wilbert Bunini

doi:10.5772/intechopen.82600

Cited by 9 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The programme was planned to last between 12 and 15 years and was estimated to cost at least US$250 million (Global Environmental Facility 2010). Although some volumes of the obsolete pesticides in African countries are said to have been removed through the implementation of the ASP, stockpiles of hundreds of thousands of tonnes of the toxic obsolete pesticides are not yet removed (Manyilizu 2019).…”

Section: Dumping Of Obsolete Pesticides In Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Trajectory of Illicit Waste Trade in Africa: Implications for Human Rights and Sustainable Development

Umenze

2022

JLSD

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As globalisation intensifies, the environmental burden of economic development is being shifted to poor countries. This development manifests in waste trade involving the transboundary shipment of toxic waste from developed to developing countries. This article evaluates the strategies with which waste trade is being perpetuated to the detriment of sustainable development and human rights values in Sub-Sahara Africa. It argues that capitalism has influenced massive generation and commodification of waste, especially in industrialised countries. It has also established that globalisation has made the transboundary shipment of waste easy. Moreover, foreign investments in the waste industry in developing countries appear to be a means by developed countries to perpetuate waste shipment to developing countries, which helps waste traders to avoid stringent regulations and high costs of waste management in developed countries. Therefore, such investments in developing countries should not always be viewed as a breakthrough in attracting foreign investments. The findings made include that despite the existence of the Basel and Bamako Conventions at global and regional levels, respectively, waste trade has continued in different forms in Africa, where waste merchants exploit the low-cost facilities, cheap labour and weak regulatory frameworks. The trend includes the reckless dumping of hazardous industrial waste, electronic waste as well as ostensible investment in “dirty industries” in some African countries. It concludes by urging the states to individually establish robust mechanisms that protect the environment and enforce environmental rights. These measures will help complement the collective efforts they have made in multilateral and regional agreements.

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Section: Dumping Of Obsolete Pesticides In Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Trajectory of Illicit Waste Trade in Africa: Implications for Human Rights and Sustainable Development

Umenze

2022

JLSD

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“…The principal pest-reduction strategy employs chemicals that challenge insects and their reproduction. Insecticides are chemical or biological molecules used to kill or otherwise inhibit insects from engaging in damaging behaviors ( Manyilizu, 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enthralling genetic regulatory mechanisms meddling insecticide resistance development in insects: role of transcriptional and post-transcriptional events

Muthu Lakshmi Bavithra,

Murugan,

Pavithran

et al. 2023

Front. Mol. Biosci.

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Insecticide resistance in insects severely threatens both human health and agriculture, making insecticides less compelling and valuable, leading to frequent pest management failures, rising input costs, lowering crop yields, and disastrous public health. Insecticide resistance results from multiple factors, mainly indiscriminate insecticide usage and mounted selection pressure on insect populations. Insects respond to insecticide stress at the cellular level by modest yet significant genetic propagations. Transcriptional, co-transcriptional, and post-transcriptional regulatory signals of cells in organisms regulate the intricate processes in gene expressions churning the genetic information in transcriptional units into proteins and non-coding transcripts. Upregulation of detoxification enzymes, notably cytochrome P450s (CYPs), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), esterases [carboxyl choline esterase (CCE), carboxyl esterase (CarE)] and ATP Binding Cassettes (ABC) at the transcriptional level, modification of target sites, decreased penetration, or higher excretion of insecticides are the noted insect physiological responses. The transcriptional regulatory pathways such as AhR/ARNT, Nuclear receptors, CncC/Keap1, MAPK/CREB, and GPCR/cAMP/PKA were found to regulate the detoxification genes at the transcriptional level. Post-transcriptional changes of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as microRNAs (miRNA), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA), and epitranscriptomics, including RNA methylation, are reported in resistant insects. Additionally, genetic modifications such as mutations in the target sites and copy number variations (CNV) are also influencing insecticide resistance. Therefore, these cellular intricacies may decrease insecticide sensitivity, altering the concentrations or activities of proteins involved in insecticide interactions or detoxification. The cellular episodes at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels pertinent to insecticide resistance responses in insects are extensively covered in this review. An overview of molecular mechanisms underlying these biological rhythms allows for developing alternative pest control methods to focus on insect vulnerabilities, employing reverse genetics approaches like RNA interference (RNAi) technology to silence particular resistance-related genes for sustained insect management.

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“…Interestingly, malaria remains the most important scourge that has affected millions of persons in the world, malaria in order to achieve human and animal health and other social and economic targets, human needs to control pests (Wilbert, 2019) and still, people live in highly malaria areas where malaria is no longer a major public health problem for a country, this still remains the general philosophy towards malaria and insecticides, the principal component of the integrated management approach for the control of vector borne diseases (Hemingway and Ranson., 2000). In sub-saharan Africa is a widespread and common today as it ever was though, the high scale up of the interventions in the last 20years has been associated with major reductions in diseases burden (WHO, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing the bio-efficacy of Inesfly Carbapaint 10 (Propoxur 1.0% w/w): household insecticide repellent paint against Anopheles mosquitoes in Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

Yako

Chuntah

Daniel

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The increasing insecticide resistant population of Anopheles gambiae S.l. mosquitoes in Nigeria and most of West Africa and other parts of the sub-saharan regions of Africa is becoming worrisome and currently, it’s becoming a threat to the tools widely used for vector control. Though, resistance developed faster in most areas where pyrethroids previously, has been tried alone than those places tried with other earlier applications such as Organophosphates, Organochlorine and the Carbamates group inclusive.The higher coverage of indoor residual spraying (IRS) is suggestive of effective susceptibility in vector species of Anopheles tried in Nasarawa state, Nigeria using Inesfly Carbapaint 10 (Propoxur 1.0 w/w) insecticidal paint. The wall cone bio-assay used, a primer was employed to prime a cemented plaster surface and wooden board under laboratory condition within the 24–48hours before the paint application. The primer was allowed to get dried up within a given time frame before the Inesfly Carbapaint 10 (Propoxur 1.0% w/w) insecticidal paint was applied at the dosage of 8m2/L for cement plaster surface and wooden board drying at room temperature for 5 consecutive days. The wall-cone bio-assay and the varied wall cemented plaster surface parameters of 0.5ml, 1.0m and 1.5m and wooden board were both treated with 1.0% propoxur painted substrates in 24hours post exposure to validate 6months post application. The bio-efficacy and durability of indoor residual treatment with propoxur 1.0% w/w insecticidal paint from february to July, 2018 (6months) were shaded on the primer substrate. The wild Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes after 24hours of observation, showed 100% knockdown/mortality at varied cone-bioassay wall parameters height. Monthly distribution gave susceptibility result treatment with low toxicity effect, and the results presented as Mean ± standard deviations of triplicate observations (100.00±0.00). From the tried result under laboratory strain condition, with increased in those risk from malaria with indoor residual spraying (IRS) admixed microencapsulated insecticidal paint have proven positive result activities and broad spectrum against insects and agricultural pests with greater hope to public health and decreasing in cases of malaria transmission. Indeed, the carbamates based insecticides is on the most preferred in the fight against malaria vector as such, should further paired or synergize with other affluent pyrethroids based to intensify were possible, high level of susceptibility, knockdown, hoping that new-age additional classes of insecticides (Pyrrole and Neonicotinoid) will become available for the control of adult mosquito.

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Pesticides, Anthropogenic Activities, History and the Health of Our Environment: Lessons from Africa

Cited by 9 publications

References 21 publications

The Trajectory of Illicit Waste Trade in Africa: Implications for Human Rights and Sustainable Development

The Trajectory of Illicit Waste Trade in Africa: Implications for Human Rights and Sustainable Development

Enthralling genetic regulatory mechanisms meddling insecticide resistance development in insects: role of transcriptional and post-transcriptional events

Testing the bio-efficacy of Inesfly Carbapaint 10 (Propoxur 1.0% w/w): household insecticide repellent paint against Anopheles mosquitoes in Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

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