Pesticides report 30: Use of isolated cells to study the metabolism of agrochemicals in animals (Technical Report)

Kurihara, Norio; Paulson, G. D.; Otto, S.; Miyamoto, J.; Hollingworth, Robert M.

doi:10.1351/pac199365102299

Cited by 5 publications

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“…These models provide valuable information on mechanisms of toxicity of compounds and, in principle, allow interspecies comparison. Therefore invitro bioassays may contribute substantially to a more reliable extrapolation of animal data to the human situation [127,128,129]. The use of hepatocytes of both animal and human origin in an early stage of drug development for residue toxicity and kmetic studies, is highly recommended since (i) species specific biotransformation pathways may be identified, (ii) the appropriate animal species for toxicity testing may be selected, and (iii) metabolites may be identified as marker residues in residue studies.…”

Section: Collection Of Respiratory Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The major organ involved in metabolism of a xenobiotic is the liver and not surprisingly methods for the isolation and culturing of hepatocytes from livers of small laboratory animals, humans, pigs, cows, goats and sheep [127] are well defined. The increasing use of liver slices may have distinct advantages over hepatocytes due to a less disrupted structural organization and the presence of different cell types[ 1321.…”

Section: Collection Of Respiratory Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pesticides report 40: Bound xenobiotic in food commodities of plant and animal origin (Technical Report)

Skidmore¹,

Paulson²,

Kuiper³

et al. 1998

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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Republication or reproduction of this report or its storage and/or dissemination by electronic means is permitted without the need for formal IUPAC permission on condition that an acknowledgement, withfull reference to the source along with use of the copyright symbol 0, the name IUPAC and the year of publication are prominently visible. Publication of a translation into another language is subject to the additional condition of prior approval from the relevant IUPAC National Adhering Organization. 1423Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/11/18 5:51 PM 1424 COMMISSION ON AGROCHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENTPesticides report: bound xenobiotic residues in food commodities of plant and animal origin Synopsis: In order to assess the dietary risk resulting from the use of pesticides or veterinary drugs the nature of the chemical residues on food commodities needs to be determined. Elucidation of the nature of the chemical residue is carried out using radiolabelled studies where the radiolabelled xenobiotic is applied or dosed in a manner which reflects use conditions. Food commodities are exhaustively extracted to remove the individual components of the residue. Once extracted the identity and toxicological significance of the components can be assessed and, where appropriate, analytical methods developed to quantitatively determine the amount of the components in food items.Depending on the characteristics of the components of the residue, the extraction regime may not remove all the chemical residue from the sample matrix. These residues are frequently characterised as being "bound", however the amount and nature of this residue will be highly dependant on the extraction regime used. To provide guidance and standardisation a definition of the term "bound residues" is recommended. This definition builds on a previous IUPAC definition but takes account of the current availability of enzyme systems which effectively solubilise the entire matrix rather than extracting the residue. It is also recommended that where the extraction falls short of the full definition then the residues should be termed as "unextractable" and the conditions of the extraction should also be defined .Where residues are bound the assessment of the dietary risk cannot be directly assessed thus raising issues relating to the significance of the bound residue. The overall toxicological significance of a bound residue will depend primarily on its bioavailability and the level of exposure. In order to determine the bioavailability, study design is crucial in order to perform a critical safety assessment. THE IUPAC COMMISSION ON AGROCHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT MAKES THE FOLLOWING RECOMMENDATIONS1) The revised definition for what constitutes a bound residue should be adopted.A xenobiotic bound residue is a residue which is associated with one or more classes of endogenous macromolecules. It cannot be dis-associated from the natural macro molecule using exhaustive extraction or digestion without significantly changing the nature of either the exocon or the...

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Section: Collection Of Respiratory Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Collection Of Respiratory Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%