PET: a proton/electron telescope for studies of magnetospheric, solar, and galactic particles

Cook, W. R.; Cummings, A. C.; Cummings, J. R.; Garrard, T. L.; Kecman, B.; Mewaldt, R. A.; Selesnick, R. S.; Stone, E. C.; Baker, D. N.; Rosenvinge, T. T. von; Blake, J. B.; Callis, L. B.

doi:10.1109/36.225523

Cited by 115 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Additional measurements of the radiation belts' electron population covering the energy range between 2 and 6 MeV used in this study were collected by the Proton/Electron Telescope (PET) instrument on board the SAMPEX satellite (Cook et al, 1993). The near-polar orbit of SAMPEX had an altitude of approximately 600 km and a period of 96 min, allowing for completion of a full orbit around Earth 15 times each day and gathering of comprehensive measurements of both the inner and outer radiation belts.…”

Section: Data Sets and Their Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of radiation belt electron enhancements with earthward penetration of Pc5 ULF waves: a case study of intense 2001 magnetic storms

et al. 2015

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Abstract. Geospace magnetic storms, driven by the solar wind, are associated with increases or decreases in the fluxes of relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt. We examine the response of relativistic electrons to four intense magnetic storms, during which the minimum of the Dst index ranged from −105 to −387 nT, and compare these with concurrent observations of ultra-low-frequency (ULF) waves from the trans-Scandinavian IMAGE magnetometer network and stations from multiple magnetometer arrays available through the worldwide SuperMAG collaboration. The latitudinal and global distribution of Pc5 wave power is examined to determine how deep into the magnetosphere these waves penetrate. We then investigate the role of Pc5 wave activity deep in the magnetosphere in enhancements of radiation belt electrons population observed in the recovery phase of the magnetic storms. We show that, during magnetic storms characterized by increased post-storm electron fluxes as compared to their pre-storm values, the earthward shift of peak and inner boundary of the outer electron radiation belt follows the Pc5 wave activity, reaching L shells as low as 3-4. In contrast, the one magnetic storm characterized by irreversible loss of electrons was related to limited Pc5 wave activity that was not intensified at low L shells. These observations demonstrate that enhanced Pc5 ULF wave activity penetrating deep into the magnetosphere during the main and recovery phase of magnetic storms can, for the cases examined, distinguish storms that resulted in increases in relativistic electron fluxes in the outer radiation belts from those that did not.

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Section: Data Sets and Their Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of radiation belt electron enhancements with earthward penetration of Pc5 ULF waves: a case study of intense 2001 magnetic storms

et al. 2015

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“…The orbital plane of SAMPEX has a precession period $183 days and therefore sweeps all local times at the same L-shell every 3 months. The Proton/ Electron Telescope (PET) [Cook et al, 1993] on SAMPEX is designed to provide measurements of energetic electrons and light nuclei from solar, galactic, and magnetospheric sources. The PET is an all solid-state system that measures the uni-directional electron fluxes in two energy channels: 1.5-6 MeV (the ELO channel), and 2.5-14 MeV (EHI).…”

Section: Instruments and Data Used By Leemmentioning

confidence: 99%

LEEM: A new empirical model of radiation‐belt electrons in the low‐Earth‐orbit region

Chen¹,

Reeves²,

Friedel³

et al. 2012

J. Geophys. Res.

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.[1] A new empirical model of radiation-belt electrons in the low-Earth-orbit region has been developed based upon decade-long in situ observations from several low-altitudeorbiting satellites. This model-LEEM-aims to provide the electron environment conditions that a satellite would encounter in a given low Earth orbit. This model presents electron flux values for five energy ranges (0.03-2.5 MeV, 0.1-2.5 MeV, 0.3-2.5 MeV, 1.5-6 MeV, and 2.5-14 MeV) within the space below an altitude of $600 km. Compared to the de-facto standard empirical model of AE-8, this model not only has a better data coverage in this specific region, but also can provide statistical information on flux levels such as worst cases and occurrence percentiles instead of solely mean values. The comparison indicates that the AE-8 model not only highly overpredicts the fluxes in the inner belt region in most cases, especially for the MeV electrons, which cannot be accounted for by the widely quoted error factor of 2 for AE-8, but also is unable to reflect the observed orders of magnitude variations in electron intensities. The LEEM model is carefully validated with both in-sample and out-of-sample tests. The characteristic electron environments along the International Space Station track and other virtual orbits are given as examples and as a demonstration of the use of the model.

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“…[7] The PET (Proton Electron Telescope) instrument onboard SAMPEX measures electrons in the energy range of 0.4 to 30 MeV [Cook et al, 1993]. We use the ELO channel from PET which measures electrons in the range of 2-to 6-MeV to detect the Jovian signal.…”

Section: Spacecraft Instrumentation and Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of Jovian electrons at 1 AU during solar cycles 22–23

Kanekal

Baker

Blake

et al. 2003

Geophysical Research Letters

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[1] We report here, on the observation of Jovian electrons during the time period 1992 to 2002, using instruments on board SAMPEX and IMP8 at 1 AU. The Jovian electron flux diminished greatly from early 1996 to the end of 1997 and recovered subsequently and was observed till the end of 2001. The decrease in the Jovian flux was seen in three distinct instruments lasting for about two Jovian synodic periods. Such a dramatic and persistent decrease has not been observed before. The observed decrease could be due to changes at the source or variations in interplanetary conditions affecting transport of these particles. The latter may be solar cycle dependent as in the heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays. Long-term measurements from IMP8 suggest that solar cycle related propagation effects may not be responsible for the observed decrease. We suggest that either a change in the Jovian source strength or a softening of the Jovian electron energy spectrum produced the observed attenuation.

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PET: a proton/electron telescope for studies of magnetospheric, solar, and galactic particles

Cited by 115 publications

References 17 publications

Association of radiation belt electron enhancements with earthward penetration of Pc5 ULF waves: a case study of intense 2001 magnetic storms

Association of radiation belt electron enhancements with earthward penetration of Pc5 ULF waves: a case study of intense 2001 magnetic storms

LEEM: A new empirical model of radiation‐belt electrons in the low‐Earth‐orbit region

Modulation of Jovian electrons at 1 AU during solar cycles 22–23

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