Petabit-Scale Silicon Photonic Interconnects With Integrated Kerr Frequency Combs

Rizzo, Anthony; Daudlin, Stuart; Novick, Asher; James, Aneek; Gopal, Vignesh; Murthy, Vaishnavi; Cheng, Qixiang; Kim, Bok Young; Ji, Xingchen; Okawachi, Yoshitomo; Niekerk, Matthew van; Deenadayalan, Venkatesh; Leake, Gerald; Fanto, Michael L.; Preble, Stefan F.; Lipson, Michal; Gaeta, Alexander L.; Bergman, Keren

doi:10.1109/jstqe.2022.3197375

“…where the only uncertainty is what fringe order m corresponds to each measured fringe λ m . Once B is determined from ( 17), (10b) and (10c) can be used to determine the original fitting parameters in (1). It should be noted that each detected fringe (m, λ m ) location will yield very small variations in the B value due to resolution-based uncertainty in the exact value for λ m .…”

Section: E Parameter Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…S ILICON photonics (SiPh) has seen explosive growth in demand as a technology platform, driven by its adoption in data centers (DC), high performance computing (HPC) [1]- [3], quantum computing [4]- [8], and radio-frequency communication systems [9]- [11]. SiPh's rapid rise and maturation has been enabled by its ability to leverage decades of research in the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) industry, drastically reducing the typical research and development (R&D) costs associated with new semiconductor technologies [12]- [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Process Variation-Aware Compact Model of Strip Waveguides for Photonic Circuit Simulation

James

¹

,

Rizzo

²

,

Wang

³

et al. 2023

J. Lightwave Technol.

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We report a novel process variation-aware compact model of strip waveguides that is suitable for circuit-level simulation of waveguide-based process design kit (PDK) elements. The model is shown to describe both loss and-using a novel expression for the thermo-optic effect in high index contrast materials-the thermo-optic behavior of strip waveguides. A novel group extraction method enables modeling the effective index's (n eff ) sensitivity to local process variations without the presumption of variation source. Use of Euler-bend Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) fabricated in a 300 mm wafer run allow model parameter extraction at widths up to 2.5 µm (highly multi-mode) with strong suppression of higher-order mode excitation. Experimental results prove the reported model can self-consistently describe waveguide phase, loss, and thermooptic behavior across all measured devices over an unprecedented range of optical bandwidth, waveguide widths, and temperatures.

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“…In our scalable link architecture, well-designed resonant modulators and filters [17] are fundamental to successful execution and operation. Resonator extinction ratio, IL, full-width half-maximum (FWHM), and FSR must all be balanced while ensuring compatibility with high-volume production at a commercial CMOS foundry.…”

Section: Micro-resonator Design Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For most ultra-wide FSR resonators, achieving the required coupling strength to simultaneously meet the necessary FWHM and FSR for a target data rate is performed via phase-matched directional couplers. The optical mode needs to pass through a pair of S-bends in the through waveguide [17][18][19]. By matching the resonator curvature and engineering the width along the coupling path to optimally excite the resonator's fundamental mode, the target coupling strength can be achieved.…”

Section: Off-resonance Insertion Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scaling Comb-Driven Resonator-Based DWDM Silicon Photonic Links to Multi-Tb/s in the Multi-FSR Regime

James¹,

Novick²,

Rizzo³

et al. 2023

Preprint

0

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The use of chip-based micro-resonator Kerr frequency combs in conjunction with dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) enables massively parallel intensity-modulated direct-detection (IM-DD) data transmission with low energy consumption. Resonator-based modulators and filters used in such systems can limit the number of usable wavelength channels due to practical constraints on the maximum achievable free spectral range (FSR). In this work, we introduce the design of multi-Tb/s comb-driven resonator-based silicon photonic links by leveraging the multi-FSR regime. We demonstrate the viability of the link architecture with yield estimates that are supported by extensive wafer-scale measurements of 704 micro-resonators fabricated in a commercial complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) foundry. We show that a 2.80 Tb/s link is realizable with a ≥ 6σ yield (~99.999%), and aggregate bandwidths of 3.76 Tb/s and 4.72 Tb/s are possible if yield targets are relaxed (3σ and 1σ respectively). All designs represent a 1.94—3.28× boost to aggregate link bandwidth while maintaining BER ≤ 10−10 performance, with a theoretical bandwidth of 10.51 Tb/s being possible for sufficiently robust resonators. High-speed BER measurements informed co-optimization of data rate and aggressor spacing (λag), limiting any additional loss-based power penalties to off-resonance insertion loss (IL) and routing loss. This work demonstrates that, through the multi-FSR regime, there is a clear path toward Kerr comb-driven ultra-broadband, high bandwidth silicon photonic links that can support next-generation data centers and high performance computers.

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“…S ILICON photonics (SiPh) has seen explosive growth in demand as a technology platform, driven by its adoption in data centers (DC), high performance computing (HPC) [1]- [3], quantum computing [4]- [8], and radio-frequency communication systems [9]- [11]. SiPh's rapid rise and maturation has been enabled by its ability to leverage decades of research in the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) industry, drastically reducing the typical research and development (R&D) costs associated with new semiconductor technologies [12]- [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Process Variation-Aware Compact Model of Strip Waveguides for Photonic Circuit Simulation

James¹,

Rizzo²,

Wang³

et al. 2023

Preprint

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We report a novel process variation-aware compact model of strip waveguides that is suitable for circuit-level simulation of waveguide-based process design kit (PDK) elements. The model is shown to describe both loss and-using a novel expression for the thermo-optic effect in high index contrast materials-the thermo-optic behavior of strip waveguides. A novel group extraction method enables modeling the effective index's (n eff ) sensitivity to local process variations without the presumption of variation source. Use of Euler-bend Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) fabricated in a 300 mm wafer run allow model parameter extraction at widths up to 2.5 µm (highly multi-mode) with strong suppression of higher-order mode excitation. Experimental results prove the reported model can self-consistently describe waveguide phase, loss, and thermooptic behavior across all measured devices over an unprecedented range of optical bandwidth, waveguide widths, and temperatures.

show abstract

Petabit-Scale Silicon Photonic Interconnects With Integrated Kerr Frequency Combs

Cited by 45 publications

References 105 publications

Process Variation-Aware Compact Model of Strip Waveguides for Photonic Circuit Simulation

Process Variation-Aware Compact Model of Strip Waveguides for Photonic Circuit Simulation

Scaling Comb-Driven Resonator-Based DWDM Silicon Photonic Links to Multi-Tb/s in the Multi-FSR Regime

Process Variation-Aware Compact Model of Strip Waveguides for Photonic Circuit Simulation

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