“…The action of chemical exposures depends on the chemical in question and may be system wide. For example, nosocomial exposure to Thorium X in the 1940s was associated with damage to the bone and cartilage as well as cancer of the bone, connective tissue, breast, thyroid, liver, kidney, pancreas, uterus, and bladder (Spiess, 2002), while exposure to dioxin-contaminated cooking oil in Italy in 1976 was associated with mortality from lymphoemopoietic, digestive, and respiratory cancers (Pesatori et al, 2003). Acute irritation and damage to the respiratory, ocular, and gastrointestinal systems were the main immediate effects of the Union Carbide gas leak in Bhopal, India (Beckett, 1998), although there is evidence for persistent ocular, respiratory, immunity, genetic, neurological, neurobehavioral, and reproductive effects as well as cancer .…”