Recent papers on the genetics of the First Remote Oceanians raised questions about the nature of two population movements into the islands of Vanuatu, particularly the dominance of 'Papuan' lineages in the second phase. The papers identified potential ancestral lineages in New Britain, Papua New Guinea and cited Vanuatu linguistic features and cultural practices as additional evidence for the origin of the second phase in that region. This paper reviews these claims through an examination of ethnographic and archaeological records, focusing on the head binding of babies (artificial cranial modification), the raising of full-circle tusker pigs and their tusks, aspects of pottery forms, and stone arrangements. While noting some differences, the review broadly supports the claims of Speiser, the geneticists and the archaeologists, and proposes likely contacts between Vanuatu and the New Guinea -New Britain -north Solomons areas during the last 1000 years or so. There is currently no cultural evidence for the postulated earlier secondary movement that introduced 'Papuan' genetic ancestry to Vanuatu.