Petrol prices and obesity

Abstract

Obesity is a global public health issue that imposes significant social and economic costs on society. Often described as a public health emergency (Ayton & Ibrahim, 2019;Chan, 2013;James, 2018), worldwide over 1.9 billion adults are overweight or obese, which translates to approximately 40% of the world's adult population (WHO, 2020). In some developed countries, up to 80% of adults and 30% of children are overweight or obese (Finucane et al., 2011;Skinner et al., 2018). The high prevalence of obesity is particularly alarming, given that obesity has been linked with increased risk of myriad health conditions, including heart disease, diabetes, hypertension and stroke, among others (Casey et al., 2008). Understanding the factors that influence obesity has, thus, been the focus of a significant body of research. While biological factors contribute to the prevalence of obesity, emphasis is increasingly being placed on understanding the role that socioeconomic factors and the built environment play in influencing people's weight. To this point, research has mainly focused on the role of eating habits, physical

Non-cognitive traits and homeownership in Australia

“…This approach relies on heteroskedasticity in the data to achieve identification (Lewbel, 2012), which we satisfy in our data using the Breusch and Pagan test for heteroskedasticity (Breusch & Pagan, 1979). This approach has been widely used in the literature when valid external instruments are not available or as a robustness check on findings with external instruments (see, e.g., Amega et al, 2023;Baako et al, 2023;Koomson & Awaworyi Churchill, 2022;Koomson & Churchill, 2021;Mishra & Smyth, 2015;Munyanyi et al, 2020;Prakash et al, 2020Prakash et al, , 2022. The results from both the probit model and the Lewbel 2SLS analysis are consistent with our main finding.…”

Betting on the House: The Impact of Gambling on Homeownership in Australia

“…To ensure that our results are robust, we also complement the traditional two stage least squares (2SLS) approach with the Lewbel ( 2012 ) 2SLS approach which does not rely on a valid exclusion restriction but constructs internal instruments using heteroskedastic covariance restrictions. This approach is widely used in the literature in the absence of traditional external instruments or as robustness checks when external instruments are available (see, e.g., Ambrey & Fleming, 2014 ; Awaworyi Churchill & Smyth, 2019 ; Munyanyi et al, 2020 ; Prakash et al, 2020 , 2022 ).…”