Petroleum hydrocarbon toxicity studies XVII. Animal response to n-nonane vapor

Carpenter, Charles P.; Geary, D.L.; Myers, R. C.; Nachreiner, D.J.; Sullivan, L.J.; King, J. M.

doi:10.1016/0041-008x(78)90283-1

Cited by 36 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…These solvents are not mutagenic under in vitro or in vivo conditions (Amoruso et al 2008, Johnson et al 2012, NTP 2005, OECD 2012d), and they do not produce developmental or reproductive effects (Amoruso et al 2008, Johnson et al 2012, Ministry of Health and Welfare 1996, OECD 2012d. The C9 and C10 aliphatic constituents have been shown to produce acute CNS effects (Carpenter et al 1978, Nilsen et al 1988), but no effects were reported in studies with higher molecular weight constituents (Bowen and Balster 1998, Nilsen et al 1988). No neurological effects were reported in repeated inhalation exposure studies of a C9-C14 aliphatic solvent with approximately 20% aromatic constituents (Kulig 1990), and there were no neurological effects folHydrocarbon solvent toxicology 303 DOI 10.3109/10408444.2015.1016216 lowing repeated dermal administration of hydrodesulfurized kerosene (Breglia et al 2014).…”

Section: Heavy Aliphatic Solvents (C9-c20)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In repeated dose studies by either oral or inhalation routes, the principal effects are liver enlargement without pathological changes and male rat kidney effects consistent with an a2u-globulin-mediated process (Adenuga et al 2014b, Carrillo et al 2014, Carpenter et al 1978, Johannsen and Levinskas 1987, NTP 2005, OECD 2012d). These solvents are not mutagenic under in vitro or in vivo conditions (Amoruso et al 2008, Johnson et al 2012, NTP 2005, OECD 2012d), and they do not produce developmental or reproductive effects (Amoruso et al 2008, Johnson et al 2012, Ministry of Health and Welfare 1996, OECD 2012d.…”

Section: Heavy Aliphatic Solvents (C9-c20)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The above having been said, these solvents are not toxic in acute studies conducted in accordance with current guidelines, they are not dermal or ocular irritants, and they do not produce allergic contact dermatitis (Amoruso et al 2008, Carpenter et al 1978, Johnson et al 2012, Nilsen et al 1988, OECD 2012d.…”

Section: Heavy Aliphatic Solvents (C9-c20)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results were then used in the development of occupational exposure limits. Carpenter et al (1975aCarpenter et al ( -h, 1976aCarpenter et al ( -e, 1977aCarpenter et al ( -c, 1978) systematically investigated the irritant potential for vapors of hydrocarbon solvents and volatile petroleum products in volunteers and used this information in making recommendations for occupational exposure limits. Volunteer studies continue to be used to assure that occupational exposure limits are not associated with discomfort (Ernstgard et al 2009a, 2009b, Jones et al 2006, Juran et al 2014).…”

Section: Ocular and Upper Respiratory Tract Irritationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there are some technical issues associated with repeated oral administration of solvents, and the utility of such data for risk assessment is somewhat limited as there are few end uses for these solvents that result in ingestion. For any of the toxicity studies of these solvents it is always necessary to consider whether or not the outcomes are related to the route of administration and whether or not the data that might be obtained from any particular study would be useful in assessing human risk.The above having been said, these solvents are not toxic in acute studies conducted in accordance with current guidelines, they are not dermal or ocular irritants, and they do not produce allergic contact dermatitis (Amoruso et al 2008, Carpenter et al 1978, Johnson et al 2012, Nilsen et al 1988, OECD 2012d.In repeated dose studies by either oral or inhalation routes, the principal effects are liver enlargement without pathological changes and male rat kidney effects consistent with an a2u-globulin-mediated process (Adenuga et al 2014b, Carrillo et al 2014, Carpenter et al 1978, Johannsen and Levinskas 1987, NTP 2005, OECD 2012d). These solvents are not mutagenic under in vitro or in vivo conditions (Amoruso et al 2008, Johnson et al 2012, NTP 2005, OECD 2012d), and they do not produce developmental or reproductive effects (Amoruso et al 2008, Johnson et al 2012, Ministry of Health and Welfare 1996, OECD 2012d.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

McKee

Adenuga

Carrillo

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions derived from petroleum processing streams, containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, with carbon numbers ranging from approximately C5-C20 and boiling between approximately 35-370°C. Many of the hydrocarbon solvents have complex and variable compositions with constituents of 4 types, alkanes (normal paraffins, isoparaffins, and cycloparaffins) and aromatics (primarily alkylated one-and tworing species). Because of the compositional complexity, hydrocarbon solvents are now identified by a nomenclature ("the naming convention") that describes them in terms of physical/ chemical properties and compositional elements. Despite the compositional complexity, most hydrocarbon solvent constituents have similar toxicological properties, and the overall toxicological hazards can be characterized in generic terms. To facilitate hazard characterization, the solvents were divided into 9 groups (categories) of substances with similar physical and chemical properties. Hydrocarbon solvents can cause chemical pneumonitis if aspirated into the lung, and those that are volatile can cause acute CNS effects and/or ocular and respiratory irritation at exposure levels exceeding occupational recommendations. Otherwise, there are few toxicologically important effects. The exceptions, n-hexane and naphthalene, have unique toxicological properties, and those solvents containing constituents for which classification is required under the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) are differentiated by the substance names. Toxicological information from studies of representative substances was used to fulfill REACH registration requirements and to satisfy the needs of the OECD High Production Volume (HPV) initiative. As shown in the examples provided, the hazard characterization data can be used for hazard classification and for occupational exposure limit recommendations. Introduction Scope and purpose of the documentThe present document summarizes information on the physical/ chemical properties and toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents and provides examples of the ways in which the information on hazard characterization can be used for hazard classification and to set occupational exposure limits. Many of the toxicological studies were published separately, but the results are summarized herein and referenced in the appendices.Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions that are primarily produced by the distillation of petroleum feed stocks or their synthetic analogs (e.g., Fischer-Tropsch derived materials), sometimes followed by additional processing steps such as solvent extraction, hydrodesulfurization, or hydrogenation. 1 Most hydrocarbon solvents are complex substances with variable compositions and are best described as UVCB 2 (unknown and variable composition) substances, but some are single constituent (mono-constituent) substances. The complex and variable nature of these solvents is the consequence of their manufacturing processes. In short, most hydroca...

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Section: Heavy Aliphatic Solvents (C9-c20)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Heavy Aliphatic Solvents (C9-c20)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Heavy Aliphatic Solvents (C9-c20)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ocular and Upper Respiratory Tract Irritationmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

McKee

Adenuga

Carrillo

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Carreón¹

2001

Patty's Toxicology

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Aliphatic hydrocarbons are open‐chain compounds that may be saturated or unsaturated. The saturated compounds, known as paraffin hydrocarbons or alkanes , include methane and its homologs having the empirical formula C n H 2 n +2 . The unsaturated compounds fall into a number of homologous series: ( 1 ) those containing one double bond (ethylene and its homologs) and having the formula C n H 2 n are known as olefins or alkenes ; ( 2 ) those containing one triple bond (acetylene and its homologs) are called acetylenes or alkynes and have the formula C n H 2 n −2 ; ( 3 ) those having two double bonds (allene, 1,3‐butadiene, and 1,4‐pentadiene represent three types) are diolefins or alkadienes and also have the formula C n H 2 n −2 ; ( 4 ) those having a large number of double or triple bonds or both double and triple bonds are named in analogous fashion as alkatrienes , alkatetraenes , alkadiynes , alkenynes , and alkadienynes . Aliphatic hydrocarbons are asphyxiants and central nervous system (CNS) depressants. Serious toxic effects of aliphatic hydrocarbons include asphyxia and chemical pneumonitis for many paraffins, axonal neuropathy for n ‐hexane, and cancer for 1,3‐butadiene.

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Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Carreón¹,

Herrick²

2012

Patty's Toxicology

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Aliphatic hydrocarbons are open‐chain compounds that may be saturated or unsaturated. The saturated compounds, known as paraffin hydrocarbons or alkanes , include methane and its homologs having the empirical formula C n H 2 n +2 . The unsaturated compounds fall into a number of homologous series: ( 1 ) those containing one double bond (ethylene and its homologs) and having the formula C n H 2 n are known as olefins or alkenes ; ( 2 ) those containing one triple bond (acetylene and its homologs) are called acetylenes or alkynes and have the formula C n H 2 n −2 ; ( 3 ) those having two double bonds (allene, 1,3‐butadiene and 1,4‐pentadiene represent three types) are diolefins or alkadienes and also have the formula C n H 2 n −2 ; ( 4 ) those having a large number of double or triple bonds or both double and triple bonds are named in analogous fashion as alkatrienes , alkatetraenes , alkadiynes , alkenynes , and alkadienynes . Aliphatic hydrocarbons are asphyxiants and central nervous system ( CNS ) depressants. Serious toxic effects of aliphatic hydrocarbons include asphyxia and chemical pneumonitis for many paraffins, axonal neuropathy for n ‐hexane, and cancer for 1,3‐butadiene.

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Petroleum hydrocarbon toxicity studies XVII. Animal response to n-nonane vapor

Cited by 36 publications

References 17 publications

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

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