The Middle Miocene Tsushima granite pluton is composed of leucocratic granites, gray granites and numerous mafi c microgranular enclaves (MME). The granites have a metaluminous to slightly peraluminous composition and belong to the calc-alkaline series, as do many other coeval granites of southwestern Japan, all of which formed in relation to the opening of the Sea of Japan. The Tsushima granites are unique in that they occur in the back-arc area of the innermost Inner Zone of Southwest Japan, contain numerous miarolitic cavities, and show shallow crystallization (2 -6 km deep), based on hornblende geobarometry. The leucocratic granite has higher initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios (0.7065 -0.7085) and lower Nd(t) (−7.70 to −4.35) than the MME of basaltic -dacitic composition (0.7044 -0.7061 and −0.53 to −5.24), whereas most gray granites have intermediate chemical and Sr -Nd isotopic compositions (0.7061 -0.7072 and −3.75 to −6.17). Field, petrological, and geochemical data demonstrate that the Tsushima granites formed by the mingling and mixing of mafi c and felsic magmas. The Sr -Nd -Pb isotope data strongly suggest that the mafi c magma was derived from two mantle components with depleted mantle material and enriched mantle I (EMI) compositions, whereas the felsic magma formed by mixing of upper mantle magma of EMI composition with metabasic rocks in the overlying lower crust. Element data points deviating from the simple mixing line of the two magmas may indicate fractional crystallization of the felsic magma or chemical modifi cation by hydrothermal fl uid. The miarolitic cavities and enrichment of alkali elements in the MME suggest rapid cooling of the mingled magma accompanied by elemental transport by hydrothermal fl uid. The inferred genesis of this magma -fl uid system is as follows: (i) the mafi c and felsic magmas were generated in the mantle and lower crust, respectively, by a large heat supply and pressure decrease under back-arc conditions induced by mantle upwelling and crustal thinning; (ii) they mingled and crystallized rapidly at shallow depths in the upper crust without interaction during the ascent of the magmas from the middle to the upper crust, which (iii) led to fl uid generation in the shallow crust. The upper mantle in southwest Japan thus has an EMI-like composition, which plays an important role in the genesis of igneous rocks there.