PFAS in Paper and Board for Food Contact

Trier, Daniel; Taxvig, Camilla; Rosenmai, Anna Kjerstine; Pedersen, Gitte Alsing

doi:10.6027/tn2017-573

Cited by 32 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 87 publications

(174 reference statements)

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“…To some extent, industrial sludge is added/used in biogas production such as sludge from pulp and paper [ 272 , 273 ]. Depending on the production process, pulp and paper sludge can be contaminated with PCDD/F (if elemental chlorine is used) or with per- and polyfluorinated alkylated substances (from specific surface-treated papers) [ 195 , 274 , 275 ]. This can lead to large contaminated areas, as recently demonstrated for a PFAS-impacted pulp and paper mill sludge added in a composting plant [ 274 , 276 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviewing the relevance of dioxin and PCB sources for food from animal origin and the need for their inventory, control and management

et al. 2018

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BackgroundIn the past, cases of PCDD/F and PCB contamination exceeding limits in food from animal origin (eggs, meat or milk) were mainly caused by industrially produced feed. But in the last decade, exceedances of EU limit values were discovered more frequently for PCDD/Fs or dioxin-like(dl)-PCBs from free range chicken, sheep, and beef, often in the absence of any known contamination source.ResultsThe German Environment Agency initiated a project to elucidate the entry of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in food related to environmental contamination. This paper summarizes the most important findings. Food products from farm animals sensitive to dioxin/PCB exposure—suckling calves and laying hens housed outdoor—can exceed EU maximum levels at soil concentrations that have previously been considered as safe. Maximum permitted levels can already be exceeded in beef/veal when soil is contaminated around 5 ng PCB-TEQ/kg dry matter (dm). For eggs/broiler, this can occur at a concentration of PCDD/Fs in soil below 5 ng PCDD/F–PCB-TEQ/kg dm. Egg consumers—especially young children—can easily exceed health-based guidance values (TDI). The soil–chicken egg exposure pathway is probably the most sensitive route for human exposure to both dl-PCBs and PCDD/Fs from soil and needs to be considered for soil guidelines. The study also found that calves from suckler cow herds are most prone to the impacts of dl-PCB contamination due to the excretion/accumulation via milk. PCB (and PCDD/F) intake for free-range cattle stems from feed and soil. Daily dl-PCB intake for suckler cow herds must in average be less than 2 ng PCB-TEQ/day. This translates to a maximum concentration in grass of 0.2 ng PCB-TEQ/kg dm which is less than 1/6 of the current EU maximum permitted level. This review compiles sources for PCDD/Fs and PCBs relevant to environmental contamination in respect to food safety. It also includes considerations on assessment of emerging POPs.ConclusionsThe major sources of PCDD/F and dl-PCB contamination of food of animal origin in Germany are (1) soils contaminated from past PCB and PCDD/F releases; (2) PCBs emitted from buildings and constructions; (3) PCBs present at farms. Impacted areas need to be assessed with respect to potential contamination of food-producing animals. Livestock management techniques can reduce exposure to PCDD/Fs and PCBs. Further research and regulatory action are needed to overcome gaps. Control and reduction measures are recommended for emission sources and new listed and emerging POPs to ensure food safety.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviewing the relevance of dioxin and PCB sources for food from animal origin and the need for their inventory, control and management

et al. 2018

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“…To determine the sources of PFAs exposure through paper and board, analytical methods are needed, not only to analyze them, but also their impurities and their degradation products. Consequently, new fluorinated products can appear, and there is currently no universal analysis methodology to identify all PFAs [ 22 ]. Polyfluorinated surfactants are complex mixtures that represents an analytical chance and require high performance analytical techniques to determine all the related substances that could be present in these FCM [ 23 ].…”

Section: Pfas In Food Contact Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some laboratories in Denmark and Sweden have established liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) as a method to determine PFAA, some derivatives of PFOS, and total organic fluorine [ 22 ].…”

Section: Pfas In Food Contact Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Migration is a phenomenon that cannot be avoided, and it depends on many factors that obey Fick’s laws of diffusion. This migration depends on the facility of PFAS to be released by the material, on the food contact conditions such as temperature and exposure time, on the properties of the material in contact with food such as thickness, initial concentration, and diffusion coefficient, and on the interaction between the material and the compound, expressed as the coefficient of distribution between the material and the food [ 22 , 39 ].…”

Section: Pfas Migration Into Foodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first step is the release of PFAS from the surface of the material, which depends on whether PFAS is absorbed into the material or on the material surface. For the release of these substances, the surface should be wet and break the bonds between the substance and the surface [ 22 , 28 ]. The second step for the migration of PFAS is the dissolution of the compounds into food.…”

Section: Pfas Migration Into Foodmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Presence of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Food Contact Materials (FCM) and Its Migration to Food

Carnero

Lestido‐Cardama

Loureiro

et al. 2021

Foods

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Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemical compounds widely used in different industry fields including food contact materials (FCM), providing resistance to fat and humidity, and non-stick properties. PFAS enter into the food chain directly from the intake of contaminated food or indirectly from the migration of the FCM into the food. This exposure published in different research highlights a public health concern. Therefore, it is necessary to perform analysis of the content of different FCM and evaluate the migration from the FCM under normal conditions of use and storage. This bibliographical review proves that different perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl compounds are detected in fast food packaging, microwave popcorn bags, and frying pans, among others. Furthermore, it shows the conditions or factors that favor the migration of the PFAS from the FCM into the food.

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Oil‐ and water‐resistant paper substrate using blends of chitosan‐graft‐polydimethylsiloxane and poly(vinyl alcohol)

Nair

Kansal

Khan

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Reported herein is an economical, plastic-and fluorine-free coating approach for oil and water repellent paper substrates using blends of poly(vinyl alcohol) and chitosan-graft-polydimethylsiloxane copolymer. The obtained coated paper showed good water-resistance, as evidenced by its low Cobb60 values of 20 ± 2.1 g/m 2 and high water contact angles of 119 ± 6.3. The kit rating of the coated paper was 7.6/12, indicating decent grease-resistant properties as compared to the kit value of 0/12 for the uncoated paper. The coated paper is also repulpable as demonstrated by the complete washing off the coating from the coated paper. Giving the cost-effective nature of the coating materials and good water and oil-resistant properties of the coated paper, the approach developed here is commercially viable, and will offer a multitude of environmental benefits such as the elimination of microplastic-and PFAS problems associated with existing paper coatings.

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PFAS in Paper and Board for Food Contact

Cited by 32 publications

References 87 publications

Reviewing the relevance of dioxin and PCB sources for food from animal origin and the need for their inventory, control and management

Reviewing the relevance of dioxin and PCB sources for food from animal origin and the need for their inventory, control and management

Presence of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Food Contact Materials (FCM) and Its Migration to Food

Oil‐ and water‐resistant paper substrate using blends of chitosan‐graft‐polydimethylsiloxane and poly(vinyl alcohol)

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