Phage‐typing of Staphylococci From Pyogenic Lesions and Carriers in and Outside the Hospital

Ishihara, Keizo; Tsuji, Shoji

doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.1959.tb00138.x

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 18 publications

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“…Since the appearance of the first report of an extensive staphylococcal outbreak in Australia in 1953 (Rountree, 1956), many epidemics due to staphylococci of phage type 80, occurring in maternity and surgical wards, have been recorded in Canada, Great Britain, the United States, and also in Japan (Ishihara, Tanaka, and Tajima, 1959;Mitsuhashi, 1962). These surveys disclosed that the most striking feature of the staphylococci was the predominance of multiple resistance and of specifically confined phage type.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug Resistance of Staphylococci I. Transduction of Tetracycline Resistance with Phage Lysates Obtained from Multiply Resistant Staphylococci

et al. 1965

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, Japan), HIROSHI OSHIMA, UMEKO KAWAHARADA, AND HAJIME HASHIMOTO. Drug resistance of staphylococci. I. Transduction of tetracycline resistance with phage lysates obtained from multiply resistant staphylococci. J. Bacteriol. 89:967-976. 1965.-Tetracycline resistance was found to be transduced with phage lysates obtained from multiply resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus of human origin. With various combinations of multiply resistant donors and tetracycline (TC)-sensitive recipients, almost all of the strains were found to be competent donors. A greater percentage of group 1 staphylococci were competent recipients. Most of the TC+ transductants were not lysogenic for the transducing phage and were unable to transduce TC resistance with their own phage lysates obtained by ultraviolet irradiation. However, the TC+ transductants, lysogenized with transducing phage, were capable of transducing TC resistance, and some of the lysogenizations were accompanied by changes in phage type. These results suggest that the emergence of the multiply resistant staphylococci (consistently resistant to TC) can be accounted for by transduction among various strains accompanied sometimes by changes in phage typing pattern after lysogenization, and by selection through extensive use of antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug Resistance of Staphylococci I. Transduction of Tetracycline Resistance with Phage Lysates Obtained from Multiply Resistant Staphylococci

et al. 1965

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Epidemiological and Genetical Study of Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus

Mitsuhashi

1967

Japanese Journal of Microbiology

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Surveys of staphylococcal strains, isolated from clinical sources in geographically scattered hospitals in Japan, disclosed the following facts: 1) Triple (TC·SM·SA, TC·PC· SA, PC·SM·SA) and quadruple (TC·SM·PC·SA) resistant strains with reference to TC, SM, PC and SA, were manifest and they were restricted to specific phage group. 2) There is a maximum population of resistant strains (M.P.R.) in a restricted area, which is governed by the amount and period of use of a drug and by genetic characters of the bacteria such as the mutation rate to resistance, and character which governs infectivity and ability for successful parasitism. 3) There are two types of resistant strains: the first becomes resistant easily and consequently multiple resistant when a new drug is introduced, and consists largely of strains in phage group I containing phage type 80/81. The second type remains single (SA) or double (PC·SA; SM·SA) resistant, and consists primarily of strains in group II and III From the facts that all of the tested staphylococcal strains from clinical sources carry prophages and their drug resistance can be transduced to other strains by their prophages, the present author presents the hypothesis that transduction of drug resistance by prophage is mainly responsible for the acquisition of multiple resistance and wide distribution of multiple resistant strains in phage type or phage group.Genetic studies of drug resistance in staphylococci have disclosed the following facts: 1) Resistance to TC is easily transduced at high frequencies by prophages obtained from multiple resistant strains, and in various combinations of donors and recipients. Resistance to SA and SM is jointly transduced with TC, and vice donors and recipients. Resistance to SA and SM is jointly transduced with TC, and vice versa. Resistance to PC, the ability to form penicillinase (PCase), and chloramphenicol (CM) resistance is not transduced jointly with resistance to TC, SM, and SA. 2) Resistance to macrolide (Mac) antibiotics (EM, OM, LM, SP) is eliminated jointly and irreversibly by acriflavine treatment or by ultraviolet irradiation, and is transduced jointly by phages obtained from donor strains. From these results it can be concluded that Mac resistance is located on an extrachromosomal plasmid. 3) Because of the genetic character of PCase formation (PCase+) and irreversible elimination of PCase+, it was concluded that the gene which governs PCase formation is located on a plasmid. And there are two types of plasmid; one which carries the genetic characters of resistance to macrolide antibiotics (Macr) and of the penicillinase formation (PCase+) and the other carries only PCase+. A genetic model for the genes which govern resistance to TC, SM, SA and for the plasmids is presented. 4) The genetic character which governs resistance to CM is irreversibly eliminated during storage of stock culture or by treatment with acriflavine. This fact and results from transductional analysis suggest that the gene responsible for CM resistance may be located on a plasmid, probably different from the plasmids which govern (Macr. PCase+) or (PCase+). The findings that CM resistant strains of S. aureus inactivated CM in the presence of acetylcoenzyme A strongly suggest that CM resistance in strains from clinical sources is accounted for by inactivation of CM through acetylation of the drug molecule.

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Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to Desiccasion, Heat and Ultraviolet Rays in Relation to Phage Pattern

Iwasawa

Ishihara

1967

Japanese Journal of Microbiology

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Resistance of staphylococci to desiccation, dry heat, wet heat and ultraviolet irradiation was studied using 128 strains obtained from patients in our surgical clinics. Staphylococci of phage group I including type 81, particularly of type 80/81, showed significantly high death rates after desiccation, dry heating, and wet heating, and significantly low death rates after ultraviolet irradiation. In contrast, group‐II strains responded inversely to these physical agents. The mean death rate of group‐III strains approximated that of group I after desiccation, dry heating, and ultraviolet irradiation, but after wet heating it was lower than that of group II. The results indicate that transmissibility of staphylococci might be influenced to a great extent by physical factors in the environment outside the body.

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Phage‐typing of Staphylococci From Pyogenic Lesions and Carriers in and Outside the Hospital

Cited by 3 publications

References 18 publications

Drug Resistance of Staphylococci I. Transduction of Tetracycline Resistance with Phage Lysates Obtained from Multiply Resistant Staphylococci

Drug Resistance of Staphylococci I. Transduction of Tetracycline Resistance with Phage Lysates Obtained from Multiply Resistant Staphylococci

Epidemiological and Genetical Study of Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus

Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to Desiccasion, Heat and Ultraviolet Rays in Relation to Phage Pattern

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