Phagocyte-specific S100 proteins and high-sensitivity C reactive protein as biomarkers for a risk-adapted treatment to maintain remission in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a comparative study

Abstract

Subclinical disease activity may result in unstable remission (ie, a status of clinical but not immunological remission). Biomarkers such as S100A12 and MRP8/14 inform about the activation status of innate immunity at the molecular level and thereby identify patients with unstable remission and an increased risk of relapse.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis and physical activity: Possible inflammatory and immune modulation and tracks for interventions in young populations

“…Calgranulins perpetuate inflammatory mechanisms. In monocytes or granulocytes, calgranulins induce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18 or TNF) [115][116][117]. Calgranulins can also activate endothelial cells (leading to loss of barrier function, apoptosis and increase of junctional permeability) and seem to have chemoattractive ability on leukocytes [115].…”

“…Serum concentrations of these proteins can provide information on residual disease activity even in the absence of biological or clinical signs of inflammation, and be used as predictive factors for relapse [115,116,118,119].…”

Enhancing translational research in paediatric rheumatology through standardization

“…These include S100 proteins 37 and serum amyloid A (SAA), 38 promising surrogate biomarkers that serve as non-specific measures of inflammation that may be able to detect subclinical disease activity. 39,40,41 One common advantage to S100 proteins and SAA is their ex-vivo stability. Blood samples can be collected, processed, stored using varying methods and the preanalytical variability has little effect on their measurement.…”

“…44 Both S100 A8/9 and S100 A12 serum levels have been shown to be more accurate predictors of flare than the C reactive protein. 39 Serum S100A8/9 measured before starting treatment with MTX has also been shown to have value in predicting good response to this first line DMARD in JIA, 45 and decrease in S100A12 was associated with response to IVIG therapy in children with Kawasaki Disease, a multisystem vasculitis affecting young children. 46 The search for predictive biomarkers with better sensitivity and specificity to guide treatment is ongoing: some early results are promising.…”

Distinct Cytokine Profiles in Patients with Oligoarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis after <i>in</i> <i>Vitro</i> Blockade of Interleukin (IL)-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α

“…S100 proteins) indicating synovial tissue damage amplify inflammatory arthritis [7]. Serum concentrations of S100A8/S100A9 proteins correlate well with the disease activity in children [8] [9].…”