Pharmaceutics for free-ranging wildlife: Case studies to illustrate considerations and future prospects

McDowell, Arlene

doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122284

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…With broad‐scale delivery, bait in natural environments can be exposed to diurnal changes in temperature, humidity, rainfall, and sunlight that can cause degradation of the bioactive due to hydrolysis and oxidation leading to reduced bait stability and efficacy. Environmental conditions, as well as the length of bait exposure to these conditions, may alter the chemical properties of contraceptives and should be tested in controlled environments prior to field studies (McDowell 2022).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing fertility control for rodents: a framework for researchers and practitioners

2023

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Fertility control is often heralded as a humane and effective technique for management of overabundant wildlife, including rodents. The intention is to reduce the use of lethal and inhumane methods, increase farm productivity and food security as well as reduce disease transmission, particularly of zoonoses. We developed a framework to guide researchers and stakeholders planning to assess the effectiveness of a potential contraceptive agent for a particular species. Our guidelines describe the overarching research questions which must be sequentially addressed to ensure adequate data are collected so that a contraceptive can be registered for use in broad‐scale rodent management. The framework indicates that studies should be undertaken iteratively and, at times, in parallel, with initial research being conducted on (1) laboratory‐based captive assessments of contraceptive effects in individuals; (2) simulation of contraceptive delivery using bait markers and/or surgical sterilization of different proportions of a field‐based or enclosure population to determine how population dynamics are affected; (3) development of mathematical models which predict the outcomes of different fertility control scenarios; and (4) implementation of large‐scale, replicated trials to validate contraceptive efficacy under various management‐scale field situations. In some circumstances, fertility control may be most effective when integrated with other methods (e.g. some culling). Assessment of non‐target effects, direct and indirect, and the environmental fate of the contraceptive must also be determined. Developing fertility control for a species is a resource‐intensive commitment but will likely be less costly than the ongoing environmental and economic impacts by rodents and rodenticides in many contexts.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing fertility control for rodents: a framework for researchers and practitioners

2023

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“…Wildlife therapeutics is an emerging field of research 6 where the challenges associated with the effective administration of medicines is magnified from that of production and domesticated animals. Understanding pharmacokinetics in wildlife species can however play an important role in the treatment of these animals and contribute to global conservation goals.…”

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In veterinary medicine, penguins are administered drugs that mirror those used in human medicine and include antimalarials, analgesics, antifungals, and antibiotics. 3−5 Wildlife therapeutics is an emerging field of research, 6 and the diversity of unique wild species that occur in the Southern Hemisphere, many of which are endangered, creates important motivations to understand and optimize medicine use in this group of patients. Avian species have diverse anatomical characteristics, physiology, and behavior that make them distinct as a group and also different from mammal species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetics in Penguins Compared to Other Avian Species: A Review of Enrofloxacin and Voriconazole

Woods,

Hughes-Medlicott,

McDowell

2023

Mol. Pharmaceutics

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Australasia is home to unique and endangered avian species. Drug administration to this group of animal patients for prophylaxis and treatment is challenging from a number of different perspectives. A key limitation for optimal drug dosing in birds is the lack of published pharmacokinetic studies to guide dose requirements. The aim of this review was to systematically investigate published literature on pharmacokinetics in penguin species and compare that with the pharmacokinetics of other avian species with a focus on two drugs: enrofloxacin and voriconazole. The review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. A systematic literature search was performed in Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. A key finding is that penguin pharmacokinetics differs from other avian species, with weight-adjusted AUC and C max values higher than most other avian species (e.g., for enrofloxacin, the AUC in the African penguin is 85.7 μg h/mL, which is more than double the other bird species). Doses for some avian species may be successfully extrapolated from other avian species; however, it appears important to consider factors other than just body weight (e.g., clearance mechanism and drug physicochemical characteristics). Consequently, there is an important need for robust pharmacokinetic data in wildlife species to ensure optimal therapy for this special group of patients. As part of this review, we identify key aspects that should be considered when estimating dose in species for which there is limited pharmacokinetic information available.

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“…The need for monitoring animal species to detect novel SARS-CoV-2 variants has been discussed in the literature as part of a One-Health approach ( 37 ). The likelihood of viral evolution and re-entry into the human population from wild animal reservoirs raises concerns about the infection of wildlife.…”

Section: Surveillance In Wildlifementioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 and animals, a long story that doesn't have to end now: What we need to learn from the emergence of the Omicron variant

Alessandro

Rugna²,

Bonilauri³

2022

Front. Vet. Sci.

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OIE, the world organization for animal health, recently released an update on the state of the art of knowledge regarding SARS-CoV-2 in animals. For farmed animals, ferrets and minks were found to be highly susceptible to the virus and develop symptomatic disease both in natural conditions and in experimental infections. Lagomorphs of the species Oryctolagus cuniculus are indicated as highly susceptible to the virus under experimental conditions, but show no symptoms of the disease and do not transmit the virus between conspecifics, unlike raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides), which in addition to being highly susceptible to the virus under experimental conditions, can also transmit the virus between conspecifics. Among felines, the circulation of the virus has reached a level of cases such as sometimes suggests the experimental use of vaccines for human use or treatments with monoclonal antibodies. But even among wild animals, several species (White-tailed deer, Egyptian rousettes, and minks) have now been described as potential natural reservoirs of the virus. This proven circulation of SARS-CoV-2 among animals has not been accompanied by the development of an adequate surveillance system that allows following the evolution of the virus among its natural hosts. This will be all the more relevant as the surveillance system in humans inevitably drops and we move to surveillance by sentinels similar to the human flu virus. The lesson that we can draw from the emergence of Omicron and, more than likely, its animal origin must not be lost, and in this mini-review, we explain why.

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Pharmaceutics for free-ranging wildlife: Case studies to illustrate considerations and future prospects

Cited by 4 publications

References 62 publications

Developing fertility control for rodents: a framework for researchers and practitioners

Developing fertility control for rodents: a framework for researchers and practitioners

Pharmacokinetics in Penguins Compared to Other Avian Species: A Review of Enrofloxacin and Voriconazole

SARS-CoV-2 and animals, a long story that doesn't have to end now: What we need to learn from the emergence of the Omicron variant

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