Pharmacist prescribing within an integrated health system in Washington

Woolf, Roger; Locke, Amanda; Potts, Catherine

doi:10.2146/ajhp150846

Cited by 22 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In developed nations, pharmacists’ role has expanded to provide a variety of services including pharmacovigilance activities [ 64 ], pharmacist prescribing [ 65 ], disease state management [ 66 ], medication reconciliation– inpatient [ 67 ] and outpatient [ 68 ], discharge management and counselling [ 69 ], home and residential aged care medication reviews [ 70 ], pharmacists in general practices [ 71 ], and pharmacists-led clinics (diabetes and cardiovascular) [ 72 ]. The provision of and outcomes from these expanded services are appreciated by physicians [ 73 , 74 ] and the public [ 75 , 76 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing pharmacists’ role in developing countries to overcome the challenge of antimicrobial resistance: a narrative review

Sakeena

Bennett²,

McLachlan

2018

Antimicrob Resist Infect Control

140

101

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BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health challenge and developing countries are more vulnerable to the adverse health impacts of AMR. Health care workers including pharmacists can play a key role to support the appropriate use of antimicrobials in developing countries and reduce AMR.ObjectiveThe aim of this review is to investigate the role of pharmacists in the appropriate use of antibiotics and to identify how the pharmacists’ role can be enhanced to combat AMR in developing countries.MethodThe databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched for articles published between 2000 and the end of August 2017 that involved studies on the role of pharmacists in developing countries, the expanded services of pharmacists in patient care in developed countries and pharmacists’ contributions in antimicrobial use in both developed and developing nations.Key findingsIn developing countries pharmacists role in patient care are relatively limited. However, in developed nations, the pharmacists’ role has expanded to provide multifaceted services in patient care resulting in improved health outcomes from clinical services and reduced health care costs. Success stories of pharmacist-led programs in combating AMR demonstrates that appropriately trained pharmacists can be part of the solution to overcome the global challenge of AMR. Pharmacists can provide education to patients enabling them to use antibiotics appropriately. They can also provide guidance to their healthcare colleagues on appropriate antibiotic prescribing.ConclusionsThis review highlights that appropriately trained pharmacists integrated into the health care system can make a significant impact in minimising inappropriate antibiotic use in developing countries. Strengthening and enhancing the pharmacists’ role in developing countries has the potential to positively impact the global issue of AMR.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing pharmacists’ role in developing countries to overcome the challenge of antimicrobial resistance: a narrative review

Sakeena

Bennett²,

McLachlan

2018

Antimicrob Resist Infect Control

140

101

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“…The role of the pharmacist around the world has evolved greatly over the last decades, expanding from dispensing activities to enhanced direct patient-care tasks, administrative activities and public health functions. Pharmaceutical care aims to provide responsible and careful medication therapy to achieve optimal medication outcomes and increase patient satisfaction in an integrated health system that ultimately improves the quality of a patient’s life [11]. However, in many developing countries, qualified pharmacists have historically played a more pharmaceutical industry-oriented role rather than a patient-oriented perspective [2].…”

Section: Pharmacists’ Roles In Sri Lanka: the Current Scenario Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Need to Strengthen the Role of the Pharmacist in Sri Lanka: Perspectives

Sakeena

Bennett²,

McLachlan

2019

Pharmacy

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The role of the pharmacist in healthcare has evolved greatly over the last half-century, from dispensing to providing direct patient-oriented activities not associated with dispensing. However, pharmacist-led healthcare services in Sri Lanka must undergo reform to fully take advantage of their expertise and training in medicine management and related outcomes in Sri Lankan patients. As befits a profession’s role development and value, professional and educational standards for pharmacists need ongoing development and growth. Currently, university curricula and continuing professional education in Sri Lanka require further development and optimisation to provide the theoretical and practical knowledge and skills regarding quality use of medicines and patient-oriented care. Furthermore, pharmacists’ roles in Sri Lankan hospital and community pharmacist settings need to be recognised and should include the pharmacist as an integral part of the multidisciplinary healthcare team in Sri Lanka. Studies from developed countries and some developing countries have demonstrated that expanded pharmacists’ roles have had a significant positive cost-effective impact on the population’s health. Therefore, the availability of qualified Sri Lankan pharmacists trained to deliver expanded professional services accompanied by greater pharmacist integration into healthcare delivery is crucially important to ensure quality use of medicines within the Sri Lankan healthcare system and optimise the medication-related needs of Sri Lankans.

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“…22,23,26,56-58,62,63 In comparison, clinical pharmacists in the United States who practise in multidisciplinary primary care clinics are able to order and interpret laboratory tests in a dependent fashion. 28,31,32,34-36,51-55,59-61 Pharmacists in the United Kingdom are required to perform laboratory testing as part of their independent or supplementary prescribing roles, with independent prescribing pharmacists predominantly doing so in the critical care setting. 33,38 In New Zealand, prescribing pharmacists order and interpret laboratory tests within collaborative health teams.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Barriers to a full scope of pharmacy practice in primary care: A systematic review of pharmacists’ access to laboratory testing

et al. 2019

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Objectives: To describe primary care pharmacists’ current scope of practice in relation to laboratory testing. Method: A 2-tiered search of key databases (PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE) and grey literature with the following MeSH headings: prescribing, pharmacist/pharmacy, laboratory test, collaborative practice, protocols/guidelines. We focused on Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia for this review. Results: There is limited literature exploring primary care pharmacists’ scope of practice in relation to laboratory testing. The majority of literature is from the United States and Canada, with some from the United Kingdom and New Zealand and none from Australia. Overall, there is a difference in regulations between and within these countries, with the key difference being whether pharmacists access and/or order laboratory testing dependently or independently. Canadian pharmacists can access and/or order laboratory tests independently or dependently, depending on the province they practise in. US pharmacists can access and/or order laboratory tests dependently within collaborative practice agreements. In the United Kingdom, laboratory testing can be performed by independent prescribing pharmacists or dependently by supplementary prescribing pharmacists. New Zealand prescribing pharmacists can order laboratory testing independently. Most publications do not report on the types of laboratory tests used by pharmacists, but those that do predominantly resulted in positive patient outcomes. Discussion/Conclusion: Primary care pharmacists’ scope of practice in laboratory testing is presently limited to certain jurisdictions and is often performed in a dependent fashion. As such, a full scope of pharmacy services is almost entirely unavailable to patients in the United States, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia. Just as in the case for pharmacists prescribing, evidence indicates better patient outcomes when pharmacists can access/order laboratory tests, but more research needs to be done alongside the implementation of local guidelines and practice standards for pharmacists who practise in that realm. Patients around the world deserve to receive a full scope of pharmacists’ practice, and lack of access to laboratory testing is one of the major obstacles to this. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2019;152:xx-xx.

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Pharmacist prescribing within an integrated health system in Washington

Cited by 22 publications

References 7 publications

Enhancing pharmacists’ role in developing countries to overcome the challenge of antimicrobial resistance: a narrative review

Enhancing pharmacists’ role in developing countries to overcome the challenge of antimicrobial resistance: a narrative review

The Need to Strengthen the Role of the Pharmacist in Sri Lanka: Perspectives

Barriers to a full scope of pharmacy practice in primary care: A systematic review of pharmacists’ access to laboratory testing

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