Background The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that death from opioids has increased by more than five times since 1999. In response, federal and state organizations have released guidelines recommending best practice standards to combat the opioid epidemic. Objective To evaluate the impact of a clinical pharmacist in a team‐based care model on the adherence to best practice standards and access to care for management of patients prescribed chronic opioid therapy (COT). Design Retrospective chart review study. Setting An outpatient physical medicine and rehabilitation clinic in a tertiary hospital. Patients Three hundred eighty‐three patients presenting to the clinic between January 2012 and August 2016 with chronic, noncancer pain. Methods Comparison of adherence to best practice standards—including changes in morphine equivalent dose (MED), compliance with urine drug screenings, documentation of medication agreements, initiation of nonopioid medications, and the impact of comorbidities—was analyzed before and after a clinical pharmacist was added to the team. Data were gathered from the electronic medical record and the Prescription Monitoring Program. A control group of patients who did not see the pharmacist and were managed only by the physician section head was also compared to the group of patients managed by a clinical pharmacist. Outcome Measurements The primary outcome measurement evaluates the change in MED values over time. Secondary outcome measurements are to review compliance with annual urine drug screening, documentation of the medication agreement, initiation of nonopioid medications by the pharmacist, and assessment of the access to care for patients with chronic opioid therapy needs. Results A clinically significant reduction in MED with an average decrease of 207 mg was seen after five or more visits with the pharmacist. The pharmacist initiated nonopioid medications at 209 unique patient visits (19.5%). The pharmacist completed 1197 visits during the study time frame, increasing physician access by at least two additional visits per patient per year. Completion of urine drug screens and medication agreement reviews improved over time (P < .001). There was an increase in MED for patients who did not complete this monitoring, whereas the MED remained stable in patients who did complete the monitoring. Conclusions The addition of a clinical pharmacist to an interdisciplinary team managing COT patients resulted in a MED reduction after five or more visits with the pharmacist, improved adherence to best practice standards, optimization of opioid and nonopioid medication therapy, and increased patient access. Developing a role for advanced practitioners, such as clinical pharmacist providers, working with patients on COT can result in significant improvements in patient access to care, adherence to best practice standards, and patient safety. Level of Evidence III.

The addition of the pharmacist into a team-based care model using a CDTA helped achieve optimal medication outcomes and increased patient satisfaction scores in an integrated health system. Integration was successful due to the collaborative support from physician leadership and ongoing physician involvement. Hands-on leadership by the pharmacy department and clinic directors and the health system's adoption of Lean methodology fostered an environment for developing innovative care models.

Access to mental health providers has become an increasingly common challenge for many patients with depression and anxiety disorders. Primary care providers often manage this gap in care and currently provide solo care without the assistance of other team members. In order to provide quality care that aligns with best practice, we developed a depression and anxiety disorder treatment pathway utilizing a multidisciplinary team based on each members' individual skill set, or skill-task alignment. The main change to treatment implemented by the pathway was the addition of a clinical pharmacist in the management of patient care. This pathway was trialed over five months targeting two adult primary care teams (approximately 34 physicians and Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioners [ARNPs]) while the other five teams continued with current practice standards. Post-implementation metrics indicated that clinical pharmacists successfully contacted 55% (406 of 738) of patients started on medication or who had a medication changed. Of these patients reached, 82 (20%) had an intervention completed. In addition, all physician leaders on the planning team (n=6) stated the new pathway was well received and delivered positive feedback from team members.