Pharmacokinetic characteristics of ferulic acid in patients with different syndromes of deficiency of spleen qi, stagnation of liver qi and spleen deficiency, and excess of stomach heat

Ren, Peiyu; Huang, Xi; Li, Shuangqing; Xu, Shaochun; Wan, Mei-Hua; Zhou, Yingshun; Zhou, Yiwu; Tang, Wen-Fu

doi:10.3736/jcim20060208

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…It was proved by Ren et al (2006) that the PK analysis of ferulic acid in the patients with three different syndrome, namely deficiency of spleen Qi, stagnation of liver Qi and spleen deficiency, and excess of stomach heat, shown obvious differences in the PK characteristics. In our study, blood stasis syndrome was chosen and the results demonstrated significant low clearance, high AUC in rats with acute blood stasis syndrome compared to the parameters obtained in the plasma of normal rats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Pharmacokinetic comparisons of hydroxysafflower yellow A in normal and blood stasis syndrome rats

Tian

Yang

et al. 2010

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Pharmacokinetic comparisons of hydroxysafflower yellow A in normal and blood stasis syndrome rats

Tian

Yang

et al. 2010

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

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“…It is well documented that the spleen is not only an anatomical concept, but is also associated with the digestive system (29,30) in particular, in addition to the immune (31), circulatory (32) and endocrine systems (33). Previously, Huang et al (14,15) suggested that the spleen was involved in the pharmacokinetics hypothesis, which assumes that the spleen is responsible for the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs. However, the role of the spleen has only been demonstrated in absorption (14), and there is no evidence focusing on drug distribution, transportation or excretion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In TCM, the spleen is comprehensive in structure and function, and is involved in digestion, absorption, energy conversion and immune function (13). Huang et al (14,15) reported that the spleen is also involved in the pharmacokinetics hypothesis, which assumes that the spleen is responsible for the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs. Therefore, the Spleen-Stomach Doctrine (16) was introduced in order to provide a possible approach for the safety assessment of AAI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Traditional Chinese medicine: Pivotal role of the spleen in the metabolism of aristolochic acid I in rats is dependent on oatp2a1

Xiang

Yang

Sun

et al. 2016

Molecular Medicine Reports

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The genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of aristolochic acids is well documented, and the Aristolochiaceae plant family has been widely used in China and India for medical purposes. However, the mechanisms of aristolochic acid I (AAI) in treatment and toxicity remain to be fully elucidated. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the spleen is responsible for transportation and transformation, in which a substance is transformed, absorbed and distributed in the body. In the present study, rats were randomized into a blank group without spleen deficiency and a spleen deficiency group to investigate the metabolism of AAI. The results showed that the concentration of AAI was higher in the spleen deficiency group, compared with that of the blank group. To further elucidate this process, the expression of organic anion transporting peptide (oatp)2a1 in the rats of the two groups were examined following oral administration of AAI. It was observed that the mRNA level of oatp2a1 in the small intestine of the blank+AAI 60 min group was downregulated, compared with that in the blank group. Compared with the mRNA level of oatp2a1 in the spleen deficiency group, the expression levels in the lung and liver were downregulated in the spleen deficiency+AAI 5 min group, whereas expression levels in the kidney in the spleen deficiency+AAI 60 min group were upregulated. Based on the above results, it was hypothesized that the expression of oatp2a1 may be one of the mechanisms of AAI metabolism in rats. In TCM, the spleen and certain functions of the small intestine, are important in AAI metabolism, and affect the toxicity of AAI. In addition, the lung, liver and kidney may also be involved in spleen deficiency syndrome in rats.

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“…At the same time, XYS has been commonly prescribed for FD patients, especially with Disharmony of liver and spleen systems pattern . This pattern of patients is characterized by complaints of dyspeptic symptoms aggravated by emotional factors and accompanied by symptoms of overall deficiency such as fatigue and general weakness ( Huang et al, 1992 ; Ren et al, 2006 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety and efficacy of Xiaoyao-san for the treatment of functional dyspepsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

et al. 2023

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Objective: Although Xiaoyao-san (XYS) is a popular herbal remedy for indigestion, there is insufficient evidence to recommend it as a treatment option for functional dyspepsia (FD). This review aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of XYS in patients with FD, compared to conventional Western medicine (WM).Methods: Two independent reviewers searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using 11 electronic databases, including Medline and Embase, to evaluate therapeutic effects of XYS on FD up to 31 January 2023. The primary outcome was the total clinical efficacy rate (TCE), and secondary outcomes included scores of dyspepsia-related symptoms (DSS) and incidence of adverse events (AEs). The risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane collaboration tool, and data synthesis and subgroup analyses were performed using the Review Manager program.Results: Six studies involving 707 participants were included in the meta-analysis. XYS significantly improved TCE compared to WM (RR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.26, p = 0.002) with high heterogeneity (I2 = 59%, p = 0.06). Combination therapy also showed higher TCE than WM alone (RR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.41, p = 0.008), and the heterogeneity was low (I2 = 0%, p = 0.86). The results showed a greater reduction in DSS in the XYS and combination therapy groups than in the WM alone group (SMD = −0.72, 95% CI: −0.90, −0.53, p < 0.00001) with low heterogeneity (I2 = 44%, p = 0.15), especially for abdominal distension and upper abdominal pain. AEs occurred less frequently in the XYS and combination therapy groups than in the WM alone group (RR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.63, p = 0.006), and the heterogeneity was low (I2 = 45%, p = 0.18). The certainty of the evidence for each outcome was rated from “very low” to “high.”Conclusion: This review suggests that XYS is effective and safe for reducing complaints in patients with FD. However, high-quality RCTs should be conducted to establish more convincing therapeutic evidence of XYS for the treatment of FD.Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero, CRD42020178842

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Pharmacokinetic characteristics of ferulic acid in patients with different syndromes of deficiency of spleen qi, stagnation of liver qi and spleen deficiency, and excess of stomach heat

Cited by 6 publications

References 1 publication

Pharmacokinetic comparisons of hydroxysafflower yellow A in normal and blood stasis syndrome rats

Pharmacokinetic comparisons of hydroxysafflower yellow A in normal and blood stasis syndrome rats

Traditional Chinese medicine: Pivotal role of the spleen in the metabolism of aristolochic acid I in rats is dependent on oatp2a1

Safety and efficacy of Xiaoyao-san for the treatment of functional dyspepsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

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