Pharmacokinetic modeling as an approach to assessing the safety of residual formaldehyde in infant vaccines

Mitkus, Robert J.; Hess, Maureen A.; Schwartz, Sorell L.

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.071

Cited by 28 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…It is estimated that 1 kg of bananas, on the average, contains 16.3 mg of formaldehyde, while 1 kg of apricots contains about 9.5 mg (Centre for Food Safety, 2019). An analysis performed in USA by the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research revealed that the amount of formaldehyde received from a single dose of a typical vaccine does not exceed 1% of the amount of formaldehyde normally present in human body, and that this formaldehyde is metabolically degraded within 30 minutes (Mitkus et al, 2013). There is, therefore, no risk of toxic effects.…”

Section: Do Vaccines Contain "Toxins"?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood vaccination in the twenty-first century: Parental concerns and challenges for physicians

Janković¹

2019

Arhiv za farmaciju

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Vaccination is one of the most important methods of prevention of infectious disease, saving millions of lives worldwide and protecting people from potentially debilitating complications. It is therefore hailed as one of the greatest advances of science-based medicine of all times. Although repeatedly proven safe and effective, vaccination has been questioned and resented throughout its long history. Vaccine hesitancy and refusal are once again on the rise in this century, due to a complex interplay of numerous factors and circumstances. A decline in childhood vaccination rates has already resulted in resurgence of hitherto eliminated vaccinepreventable diseases in many countries, and is now perceived as a major public health threat. This decline is closely related to increasing spread of misinformation regarding vaccine safety and effectiveness, coupled with a growing anti-vaccine activism. This, among other issues, underscores the need to improve communication between healthcare workers and parents, as well as devise a more comprehensive approach to boosting vaccine confidence, where scientists, physicians, media and the general public all have important roles to play. In this paper, we discuss the phenomenology and causal structure of vaccine hesitancy and refusal, and briefly review some widespread vaccine-related questions of everyday practical importance.

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Section: Do Vaccines Contain "Toxins"?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood vaccination in the twenty-first century: Parental concerns and challenges for physicians

Janković¹

2019

Arhiv za farmaciju

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“…A concentration of 5 ppm is a typical level of residual formaldehyde measured in some yearly influenza vaccines by FDA chemists. 18 What is the same for these is that the concentration of formaldehyde is low. Hence, the monitoring of low-level formaldehyde concentration is of utmost importance for food quality and human health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…16 Woutersen et al 17 exposed that formaldehyde exposure for rats at 1.0 and 10 ppm increased the incidence of rhinitis, hyperplasia, and squamous metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium and the incidence of degeneration, hyperplasia, and metaplasia of the olfactory epithelium. Mitkus et al 18 obtained that the peak concentration of formaldehyde in blood/total body water was estimated to be 22 ppb, which is equivalent to a body burden of 66 lg or 1% of the endogenous level of formaldehyde, and the predicted level in the lymphatics was even lower. A concentration of 5 ppm is a typical level of residual formaldehyde measured in some yearly influenza vaccines by FDA chemists.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas-sensing properties and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy study of formaldehyde adsorption and reactions on SnO₂ films

et al. 2013

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Formaldehyde (HCHO) is widely used in construction, wood processing, furniture, textile, and carpeting industries. However, it is highly toxic. It strongly irritates human eyes and nose, and is a carcinogen. In this paper, the effects of gas concentration and operating temperature on the sensing properties of the nano-SnO 2 flat-type coplanar gas sensor arrays to formaldehyde were studied. The results revealed that the nano-SnO 2 flat-type coplanar gas sensor arrays exhibited good sensitivity such as a fast response, short recovery time, and low detection limit. In addition, the adsorption and surface reactions of formaldehyde on SnO 2 films were also studied by in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) at 200-300°C. Molecularly adsorbed formaldehyde, formate, dioxymethylene, polyoxymethylene, H 2 O, and CO 2 surface species were formed during formaldehyde adsorption at 200-300°C. Moreover, a possible mechanism of the reaction process was given.

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“…The expression and activity of CYPs can be induced or suppressed by exogenous and endogenous materials; reactive oxygen intermediates produced in vivo and in vitro have been implicated in the cascade of events, leading to a loss of CYP during inflammation [27, 28]. As part of the vaccine manufacturing process, some residual FA (<0.02%) can be left behind, resulting in varying antibody responses to it [29, 30]. Environmental and occupational exposure, principally via inhalation, is a continuous focus in FA risk assessments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Formaldehyde on Cytochrome P450 Isoform Activity in Rats

Tang

Rong

et al. 2017

BioMed Research International

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Formaldehyde (FA) is an occupational and indoor pollutant. Long-term exposure to FA can irritate the respiratory mucosa, with potential carcinogenic effects on the airways. The effects of acute FA poisoning on the activities of CYP450 isoforms CYP1A2, CYP2C11, CYP2E1, and CYP3A2 were assessed by determining changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of the probe drugs phenacetin, tolbutamide, chlorzoxazone, and testosterone, respectively. Rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, low FA dose (exposure to 110 ppm for 2 h for 3 days), and high FA dose (exposure to 220 ppm for 2 h for 3 days). A mixture of the four probe drugs was injected into rats and blood samples were taken at a series of time points. Plasma concentrations of the probe drugs were measured by HPLC. The pharmacokinetic parameters t1/2, AUC(0−t), and Cmax of tolbutamide, chlorzoxazone, and testosterone increased significantly in the high dose versus control group (P < 0.05), whereas the CL of chlorzoxazone and testosterone decreased significantly (P < 0.05). However, t1/2, AUC(0−t), and Cmax of phenacetin decreased significantly (P < 0.05), whereas the CL of phenacetin increased significantly (P < 0.05) compared to controls. Thus, acute FA poisoning suppressed the activities of CYP2C11, CYP2E1, and CYP3A2 and induced the activity of CYP1A2 in rats. And the change of CYP450 activity caused by acute FA poisoning may be associated with FA potential carcinogenic effects on the airways.

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Pharmacokinetic modeling as an approach to assessing the safety of residual formaldehyde in infant vaccines

Cited by 28 publications

References 51 publications

Childhood vaccination in the twenty-first century: Parental concerns and challenges for physicians

Childhood vaccination in the twenty-first century: Parental concerns and challenges for physicians

Gas-sensing properties and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy study of formaldehyde adsorption and reactions on SnO₂ films

The Effects of Formaldehyde on Cytochrome P450 Isoform Activity in Rats

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Pharmacokinetic modeling as an approach to assessing the safety of residual formaldehyde in infant vaccines

Cited by 28 publications

References 51 publications

Childhood vaccination in the twenty-first century: Parental concerns and challenges for physicians

Childhood vaccination in the twenty-first century: Parental concerns and challenges for physicians

Gas-sensing properties and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy study of formaldehyde adsorption and reactions on SnO2 films

The Effects of Formaldehyde on Cytochrome P450 Isoform Activity in Rats

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Product

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Gas-sensing properties and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy study of formaldehyde adsorption and reactions on SnO₂ films