Pharmacokinetics and Mammary Residual Depletion of Erythromycin in Healthy Lactating Ewes

Abstract

The aim of this investigation was to examine the pharmacokinetics and mammary excretion of erythromycin administered to lactating ewes (n = 6) by the intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) routes at a dosage of 10 mg/kg. Blood and milk samples were collected at pre-determined times, and a microbiological assay method was used to measure erythromycin concentrations in serum and milk. The concentration-time data were analysed by compartmental and non-compartmental kinetic methods. The serum concentration-time data of erythromycin were fit to a two-compartment model after i.v. administration and a one-compartment model with first-order absorption after i.m. and s.c. administration. The elimination half-life (t(1/2beta)) was 4.502 +/- 1.487 h after i.v. administration, 4.874 +/- 0.296 h after i.m. administration and 6.536 +/- 0.151 h after s.c. administration. The clearance value (Cl tot) after i.v. dosing was 1.292 +/- 0.121 l/h/kg. After i.m. and s.c. administration, observed peak erthyromycin concentrations (Cmax) of 0.918 +/- 0.092 microg/ml and 0.787 +/- 0.010 microg/ml were achieved at 0.75 and 1.0 h (Tmax) respectively. The bioavailability obtained after i.m. and s.c. administration was 91.178 +/- 10.232% and 104.573 +/- 9.028% respectively. Erythromycin penetration from blood to milk was quick for all the routes of administration, and the high AUC milk/AUC serum (1.186, 1.057 and 1.108) and Cmax-milk/Cmax-serum ratios reached following i.v., i.m. and s.c. administration, respectively, indicated an extensive penetration of erythromycin into the milk.

Assessment of sulphonamides and tetracyclines antibiotic residue contaminants in rural and peri urban dairy value chains in Kenya

“…In Tanzania over 36% of milk supply chain was reported to contain antibiotic residues (Kurwijila et al 2006). Other studies in Africa have also recorded the presence of antibiotic residues in milk like in Egypt (Goudah et al, 2007), Ghana (Addo et al 2011), South Africa (Bester and Lombard 1979), Ethiopia (Myllyniemi et al 2000), Sudan (El-tayeb et al Sulphonamides have also been reported in milk in Mexico 51.3% (Tolentino et al 2005), Turkey (Alkan, 2007) and Korea (Chung et al 2009). In the most recent studies, tetracyclines, sulphonamides and other antibiotics have been recorded at levels above recommended limits in milk at different nodes of the value chain (Olatoye et al, 2016;Chowdhury et al, 2016;Layada et al, 2016).…”

“…Other African countries have also been reported to have milk contaminated with Antibiotic residues. Some of these countries include Egypt, Ghana, Ethiopia, south Africa, Nigeria, Tanzania and Sudan (Myllyniemi et al 2000;Kurwijila et al 2006;Goudah et al 2007;Addo et al, 2011;El-tayeb et al 2012).…”

Erythromycin‐induced genotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in mice pups treated during prenatal and postnatal period

“…induction of hepatotoxicity [10,11]. EMC crosses the placenta [37] and secreted in milk [38,39]. The main objective of this study was to detect the transplacental and lactation genotoxicity induced by EMC.…”

Antibacterial Drug Residues in Small Ruminant Edible Tissues and Milk: A Literature Review of Commonly Used Medications in Small Ruminants

“…Penetration into tissues, milk and blood are shown to be relatively quick with high systemic availability [ 111 ]. Macrolides show good penetration and distribution into the udder.…”

“…In particular, tilmicosin and tulathromycin have been shown to have persistent drug residues in the milk [ 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 ], thus they are not recommended for use in lactating animals. Erythromycin, spiramycin and tylosin also exhibit good udder penetration, but result in shorter withdrawal intervals [ 29 , 60 , 111 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 ]. Some small ruminant macrolide pharmacokinetic parameters (absorption, volume of distribution and elimination) were found to be similar to those reported in cattle [ 111 , 112 , 116 , 123 , 124 ].…”