Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Integration of Enrofloxacin Following Single Oral Administration of Different Doses in Brown Trout (Salmo trutta)

Abstract

The pharmacokinetic of enrofloxacin was investigated in brown trout (Salmo trutta) following oral administration of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg doses at 11 ± 1.5 °C. Furthermore, MICs of enrofloxacin against Aeromonas hydrophila and A. sobria were determined. The plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were determined using HPLC–UV and analyzed by non-compartmental method. Following oral administration at dose of 10 mg/kg, total clearance (CL/F), area under the concentration–time curve (AUC0−∞) and peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) were 41.32 mL/h/kg, 242.02 h*μg/mL and 4.63 μg/mL, respectively. When compared to 10 mg/kg dose, the dose-normalized AUC0–∞ and Cmax were increased by 56.30% and 30.08%, respectively, while CL/F decreased by 38.4% at 40 mg/kg dose, suggesting the non-linearity. Ciprofloxacin was not detected in the all of plasma samples. The MIC values of enrofloxacin were ranged 0.0625–4 μg/mL for A. hydrophila and 0.0625–2 μg/mL for A. sobria. The oral administration of enrofloxacin at 10 (for 192 h) and 20 (for 240 h) mg/kg doses provided the AUC of enrofloxacin equal to 1.23 and 1.96-fold MICs, respectively, for A. hydrophila and A. sobria with the MIC90 values of 1 µg/mL. However, further researches are needed on the PK/PD study of enrofloxacin for the successful treatment of infections caused by A. hydrophila and A. sobria in brown trout.

Pharmacokinetics and residue elimination of norfloxacin in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

“…In L. vannamei, a concentration of 13.3 mg/kg was eliminated after 448 temperatureday; norfloxacin was absorbed rapidly and eliminated slowly (Xu et al, 2018). In aquatic animals, species (Yang et al, 2003), sex (Ho et al, 1999), water temperature (Ingebrigtsen, 1991;Corum et al, 2020) and administration method (Jia et al, 2017;Terzi et al, 2020;Uney et al, 2021;Zhang, Zhang, Zheng, Liu, Yang, et al, 2000) will affect drug elimination, requiring ongoing monitoring of illegal use of norfloxacin by breeders and of the use and residues in non-food animals. The breeding environment and dosing regimen will determine the length of the monitoring period, to prevent residual norfloxacin from harming the environment and human health through the food and ecological chains.…”

Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Enrofloxacin Following Single Oral Administration in Yellow River Carp (Cyprinus carpio haematoperus)

“…To our knowledge, neither CBP nor ECOFF of enrofloxacin against A. hydrophila and A. sobria was available in Yellow River carp. However, its MIC50 was recently reported as 0.25 and 0.5 µg/mL against A. hydrophila and A. sobria, respectively (10). And its MIC50 and MIC90 values were also observed as 0.016 and 0.125 µg/ml against F. columnare, respectively (47).…”

“…Because of its broad antimicrobial spectrum, enrofloxacin has been licensed for use in bovine, swine, poultry, and aquaculture species (8). Enrofloxacin serves as a last-line treatment in aquaculture, and it effectively treats the bacterial infections caused by F. columnare (6), A. hydrophila (9), and A. sobria (10). The plasma pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin has been reported in some fish species, such as crucian carp (11,12), large yellow croaker (13), tilapia (14), snakehead fish (15), brown turbot (16), and salmonids (17).…”

Growth Promoter, Immunostimulant and Antioxidant for Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus) Extract

“…Fish farmers usually use antibiotics or some chemotherapeutics for the prevention and control of diseases (Boran et al, 2013;Cabello et al, 2016;Uney et al, 2021).…”