Pharmacokinetics of antibacterials in calves

Knifton, A

doi:10.1136/vr.111.3.49

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…In several species, the absorption of amoxicillin, unlike that of ampicillin, is not affected by food, but in calves it has been demonstrated that the rate of absorption is affected when the antibiotic is given in milk substitute (14). This characteristic results in a longer persistence of effective plasma concentrations of amoxicillin after administration and produces bactericidal levels in plasma, higher concentrations are maintained in the luminal contents for several hours (14).…”

Section: Oral Administrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This characteristic results in a longer persistence of effective plasma concentrations of amoxicillin after administration and produces bactericidal levels in plasma, higher concentrations are maintained in the luminal contents for several hours (14). After oral administration to most mammals, the bioavailability of ampicillin is about 35% and of amoxicillin about 70% (34).…”

Section: Oral Administrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies in calves and other species show that, compared with ampicillin, amoxicillin is more rapidly and completely absorbed from the gut to give higher and more sustained blood levels. Oral amoxicillin has been used to treat Salmonella infections in ruminants but acquired resistance has largely limited its effectiveness for this purpose (14).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combination after intravenous and oral administration in goats

Cárceles

Escudero

Vicente

et al. 1995

Veterinary Quarterly

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SUMMARYThe intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of an amoxicillin and clavulanic acid combination (20 mg/kg of sodium amoxicillin and 5 mg/kg of potassium clavulanate) were studied in six goats. After intravenous administration the pharmacokinetics of both drugs could be described by an open two-compartment model. Amoxicillin had a greater distribution volume (0.19 ± 0.01 I/kg) than clavulanic acid (0.15 ± 0.01 I/kg), whereas the distribution and elimination constants were higher for the latter, which was eliminated more quickly than amoxicillin. After oral administration of both drugs their pharmacokinetic behaviour was best described by an open onecompartment model with first-order absorption. Elimination half-lives were twice as long after oral (2.15 ± 0.20 h and 1.94 ± 0.16 h for amoxicillin and clavulanic acid respectively) than after intravenous administration (1.20 ± 0.16 h and 0.86 ± 0.09, respectively). An apparent 'flip-flop' situation was evident in this study.Bioavailability was 27% for amoxicillin and 50% for clavulanic acid.

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Section: Oral Administrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Oral Administrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combination after intravenous and oral administration in goats

Cárceles

Escudero

Vicente

et al. 1995

Veterinary Quarterly

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“…Despite the use of penicillin G for many decades to treat lactating cows and the feeding of the withheld milk to calves, no definitive studies could be found on the bioavailability or disposition of penicillin G in the calf after ingestion of milk containing subtherapeutic concentrations of penicillin G. Research has been published on the bioavailability of other β ‐lactams in the calf (Larkin, 1972; Palmer et al ., 1977; Ziv et al ., 1977; Ziv & Horsey, 1979; Palmer et al ., 1983; Soback et al ., 1987), but not penicillin G. Penicillin G is degraded in the stomach by gastric acid resulting in limited absorption, however, the reported percentage of the dose absorbed (bioavailability) is quite varied (Huber, 1982; Knifton, 1982; Riviere et al ., 1991; Nathwani & Wood, 1993; Rang et al ., 1995; Mandell & William, 1996). The possibility of penicillin G causing drug residues when calves are fed waste milk has been suggested (Kesler, 1981).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioavailability and disposition of sodium and procaine penicillin G (benzylpenicillin) administered orally with milk to calves

Musser

Anderson

2001

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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Eighteen 1-week-old Holstein calves were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (a) sodium penicillin G administered intravenously, (b) sodium penicillin G administered orally, or (c) procaine penicillin G administered orally. All calves were dosed with penicillin G at 4.0 mg/kg BW. At 5 weeks of age, the calves were dosed again. Blood samples were taken serially for 24 h after both dosings. Plasma was assayed for penicillin G by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). For i.v. administration, the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), 7456 and 5508 ng/mL h, and systemic clearance, 0.54 and 0.73 L/kg h, were significantly different (P < 0.05) at 1 and 5 weeks of age, respectively. There were no significant differences between orally administered sodium and procaine penicillin G within the same age groups. Following oral (p.o.) administration, there were significant differences (P < 0.01) at 1 and 5 weeks of age in the AUC, 760 and 409 ng/mL h, terminal half-life, 2.1 and 1.6 h, time of maximum concentration (TMAX), 3.0 and 2.3 h, and maximum plasma concentration (CMAX), 85 and 58 ng/mL, respectively. Bioavailability was 10.2 and 7.4% at 1 and 5 weeks, respectively.

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“…Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with bactericidal effect against Gram negative and some Gram positive microorganisms (12). The members of the aminoglycoside group are highly polar which causes poor gastrointestinal absorption and a small volume of distribution (4,5,15).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetics of Neomycin in Sheep after Intravenous, Intramuscular, Subcutaneous and Intratracheal Administration

Errecalde

Lanusse

Landoni

1990

Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A

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The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of neomycin in sheep were investigated following intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and intratracheal administration of 10 mg/kg. A rapid distribution phase (t Ma, 3.16 min) was followed by a slower elimination phase (t M p, 1.98 h). The apparent volume of distribution was 304.69 ml/kg. Absorption half-lives were 18.62,21.22 and 40.83 min and elimination half-lives 2.68, 2.82 and 2.55 h after IM, SC and IT administration, respectively.Bioavailabilities between 0.74 and 0.85 were obtained for the three routes of administration. Based on the bioavailability and disposition kinetics of neomycin, a twice daily IM dosage regimen should both be practical and adequate to maintain plasma neomycin concentrations within the pharmacologically active but nontoxic range.

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Pharmacokinetics of antibacterials in calves

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combination after intravenous and oral administration in goats

Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combination after intravenous and oral administration in goats

Bioavailability and disposition of sodium and procaine penicillin G (benzylpenicillin) administered orally with milk to calves

Pharmacokinetics of Neomycin in Sheep after Intravenous, Intramuscular, Subcutaneous and Intratracheal Administration

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