PHARMACOKINETICS OF CEFTIOFUR CRYSTALLINE FREE ACID, A LONG-ACTING CEPHALOSPORIN, IN AMERICAN FLAMINGOS (PHOENICOPTERUS RUBER)

Abstract

Antibiotic usage is a vital component of veterinary medicine but the unique anatomy of some species can make administration difficult. The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of ceftiofur crystalline free acid (CCFA), a long-acting cephalosporin antibiotic, after parenteral administration in American flamingos ( Phoenicopterus ruber ). A dose of 10 mg/kg of CCFA was administered intramuscularly to 11 birds and blood was collected at various time points from 0 to 192 hr. Pharmacokinetic parameters for ceftiofur equivalents were determined and reached levels above minimum inhibitory concentrations of various bacterial organisms in other avian species through 96 hr in 9/11 birds. Based on these findings and comparison to other avian studies, ceftiofur crystalline free acid appears to be a long-acting antibiotic option for American flamingos. Administration of this antibiotic should be utilized in conjunction with culture and sensitivity of suspected pathogens.

A Critical Review of the Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety Data of Antibiotics in Avian Species

“…The adverse effects and dosing recommendations of ceftiofur are presented in Table 10 and the PK data are presented in Table 11 . With the exception of mild tissue inflammation [ 73 , 74 ], no other adverse effect was observed [ 72 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 ].…”

Bioavailability Study of Cefepime After Intravenous and Intramuscular Administration in Normal Broiler Chickens

“…In comparison to other cephalosporin, the time to reach a maximum serum concentration (Tmax) was disagreed with those reported in Ceftiofur in chickens 2.51± 0.088 h, (Dalia, et al, 2015),Cefquinome in broiler chickens 2. 8±0.19h, (El-Mahdy, et al, 2015), Ceftiofur in rabbits 0.25 h (Kamil, et al, 2015), Cefquinome in black swans 0.39 h (Zhao et al, 2017), Ceftiofur crystallinefree acid in American black ducks 24 h, (Hope et al, 2012), Ceftiofur sodium in adult cockatiels and Amazon parrots 0.5 h, (Tell, et al, 1998),Ceftiofur crystalline free acid in American flamingos 7.49 ±1.9 h (Kilburn, et al, 2015), Ceftiofur crystalline-free acid in healthy adult helmeted guinea fowl 19.3 ±9.71 h (Kimberlee, et al, 2011), Cefquinome in chickens 0.25 ± 0.06 h (Xie, et al, 2013) and Cefquinome in ducks 0.38 ± 0.06 h (Yuan et al, 2011). The mean peak serum concentration of cefepime (Cmax) was (193.06±2.27 μg/ml) after i.m administration of 100 mg/kg.bw.…”

Pharmacokinetics of Single Intramuscular Administration of Ceftiofur Crystalline Free Acid in American Alligators (Alligator Mississippiensis)

“…Use of long-acting antibiotics are beneficial when working with nondomestic species as they decrease the frequency of handling, darting, or immobilization necessary to administer medications. The pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur have been evaluated in multiple exotic mammals, 2,10,20,23,24,32 avian species, 6,16,19,29,30,33,40,41,43 fish, 12,18 reptiles, 1,3,7,31 and an elasmobranch. 9 Pharmacokinetic studies of CCFA in reptiles are limited to the bearded dragon ( Pogona vitticeps ), 7 green iguana ( Iguana iguana ), 31 and ball python ( Python regius ).…”