Pharmacokinetics of whole IgG equine antivenom: Comparison between normal and envenomed rabbits

General characterization of venom from the Moroccan snakes Macrovipera mauritanica and Cerastes cerastes

“…When administered at the correct time, antivenom is considered to be the only efficient treatment of snake-envenomed patients. Experimental data and clinical observations have confirmed the rapid venom-neutralizing effect of potent antivenom (1,7). However, producing an antivenom that is both effective and safe requires a more precise biological and biochemical characterization of the venom composition and analysis of its neutralization capacity.…”

Pharmacokinetics in rabbits and anti-sphingomyelinase D neutralizing power of Fab, F(ab')2, IgG and IgG(T) fragments from hyper immune equine plasma

“…Five days after receiving the bolus, the PK of IgG and IgG(T) deviated from the tri-exponential model; this was of concern to us since a study using whole IgG in rabbits by Quesada et al [8] did not show this departure from a tri-exponential model. After ruling out artifacts in our experiments, we tested the effect of blocking ELISA plates with highly purified and denatured gelatin (as done here) and with BSA [8].…”

“…1 and 2 was of concern to us since a previous study by Quesada et al [8] of whole IgG data in rabbits failed to show such a phenomenon. An obvious difference between our experiments and those of Quesada et al [8] was the whole IgG and the dose used; in Quesada et al [8] a bolus of 15.2 ± 0.2 mg/kg was used instead of 0.3 mg/kg as here. To verify if the divergence from the tri-exponential curve observed was due to the low dose chosen, the PK study was repeated using IgG i.v.…”

“…Information also exists in humans, on snake F(ab') 2 antivenom PK (see [5] for a review on this subject). Also, there is quantitative information on scorpion F(ab') 2 antivenom PK in rams [6], humans [7], rabbits [8] and mice [9]. Whole IgG, Fab and F(ab') 2 PK have been described as a linear combination of exponential components.…”

Evaluation of rat plasma proteins after bothropic venom inoculation and treatment with Mesenquimal stem cells

“…This therapy has low and limited effectiveness against the local myonecrosis and cytotoxicity (Gutiérrez and Ownby 2003;Quesada et al 2006;Silva et al 2007). In a number of snake bite cases, lack of neutralization of local effects results in permanent sequelae, with tissue loss (Battellino et al 2003).…”