Pharmacological and Chemical Effects of Cigarette Additives

Rabinoff, M.; Caskey, Nicholas H.; Rissling, Anthony J.; Park, Candice

doi:10.2105/ajph.2005.078014

Cited by 109 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The reduction of cigarette mainstream "smoke pH" is a logical consequence of adding the volatile compound, levulinic acid, to tobacco. None of the internal documents of the R.J. (571) suffers from poor scientific quality and is lacking seriousness. The pure compilation of potential pharmacological effects of substances without any consideration of the amounts added to tobacco and their transfer rates into mainstream smoke, of dose-effect relationships and half-life periods in the organism, etc., allows no responsible critical evaluation of the relevance of specific ingredients in cigarettes and their realistic effects on smokers.…”

Section: Opinionated Reviewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…STEVEN-SON and PROCTOR ascribe the success of the Philip Morris cigarette brand Marlboro to the use of this technology. Like in the publication of RABINOFF et al (571), 73 of the 97 references cited by STEVENSON and PROCTOR are internal documents of the tobacco industry. Not one of the references is a paper published by a tobacco industry scientist in a peer reviewed journal.…”

Section: Opinionated Reviewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

Klus¹,

Scherer²,

Müller

2012

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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Tobacco additives play an important role in the manufacturing and for the quality of tobacco products, particularly cigarettes and roll-your-own tobaccos. Attention is increasingly given to the potential effects of additives on consumer behavior and health. This review is intended to compile, collate and - to some degree - evaluate the wealth of pertinent scientific information available from the published literature and other special sources. At first, the reasons are set forth for the use of additives in cigarette manufacturing. In response to the growing controversy over the attractiveness and addictiveness of smoking, the clarification of terms and concepts is followed by a detailed discussion of two kinds of substances with particular relevance: Additives like ammonium compounds that are claimed to increase nicotine availability, and additives that are claimed to increase nicotine addictiveness.The composition and toxicity of mainstream smoke of cigarettes with and without additives are assessed in several respects. The potentials of pyrolysis studies are explored by looking at a number of key studies and some basic considerations regarding in vitro and in vivo toxicity testing are addressed. Five major literature reviews on additives published between 1994 and 2004, and the results of several comprehensive experimental studies covering a large range of additives, released between 2002 and 2012, are dealt with in detail. Single tobacco additives of particular importance (menthol, glycerol, 1,2-propylene glycol, sorbitol, sugars, cocoa, licorice, citric acid, triacetin, and ammonium compounds) are discussed in dedicated chapters, which are generally subdivided into special sections: Use and toxicological assessment; inclusion level in cigarettes, transfer and pyrolysis; attractiveness and addictiveness; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke composition; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke toxicity. Epidemiological findings and data obtained by the biomonitoring of smokers consuming cigarettes with and without additives are compiled and interpreted specifically for American blend cigarettes, Virginia cigarettes, “French” (dark) cigarettes and menthol cigarettes whereby the focus is on the effects of additives on smoking topography and potential health risks.Opinionated reviews were published in recent years that are compromised by arbitrary selection of sources and unbalanced views. Leaving those unconsidered, the aggregated scientific knowledge shows that tobacco additives have only occasional and limited effects on cigarette mainstream smoke composition, which are almost never reflected in the results of toxicological in vitro assays or in vivo studies. This supports the conclusion that tobacco additives are not likely to increase the known health risks of smoking. There is also no evidence for sustaining claims that certain additives increase nicotine availability or nicotine addictiveness.

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Section: Opinionated Reviewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Opinionated Reviewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

Klus¹,

Scherer²,

Müller

2012

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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“…Prior to 1970, the tobacco industry used few additives in cigarettes 2,3 . Currently, the industry acknowledges using 600 or so additives in the manufacture of cigarettes 2,3,4,5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, the industry acknowledges using 600 or so additives in the manufacture of cigarettes 2,3,4,5 . Among the substances that are commonly added to tobacco products are flavorings and enhancers (e.g., cocoa, licorice, menthol, fruit extracts), humectants (e.g., propylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol), various sugars and ammonium compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tobacco company documents and reports disclosed by litigation (The Legacy Tobacco Documents Library, LTDL; https://industrydocuments.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/) strengthened public health scientists' suspicions that such a diversity of tobacco additives is incorporated into cigarettes to make them more attractive, palatable and desirable to potential consumers 2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 . By doing so, tobacco additives would facilitate smoking initiation and maintenance thereby increasing prevalence of smoking and tobacco-related diseases in the population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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O impacto dos aditivos do tabaco na toxicidade da fumaça do cigarro: uma avaliação crítica dos estudos patrocinados pela indústria do fumo

2017

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Tobacco and pregnancy: Overview of exposures and effects

Rogers

2008

Birth Defects Research Pt C

172

104

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This opening article will review the epidemiology of the effects of cigarette smoking and other forms of tobacco exposure on human development. Sources of exposure described include cigarettes and other forms of smoked tobacco, secondhand (environmental) tobacco smoke, several forms of smokeless tobacco, and nicotine from nicotine replacement therapy. Exposure is immense and worldwide, most of it due to smoking, but in some parts of the world and in some populations, smoking is exceeded by smokeless tobacco use. Nicotine and carbon monoxide exposure are of large concern, but cigarette smoke contains over 4000 chemical constituents and additives including known carcinogens, toxic heavy metals, and many chemicals untested for developmental toxicity. The impact of tobacco on human development will be reviewed. Fertility, conception, survival of the conceptus, most phases and aspects of development studied to date, as well as postnatal survival and health are adversely impacted by maternal tobacco use or exposure. Effects in surviving offspring are probably life-long, and are still being elucidated. It is hoped that this review and those to follow in this issue will serve to keep a focus on the critical and continuing problem of tobacco use impacting human development.

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Pharmacological and Chemical Effects of Cigarette Additives

Cited by 109 publications

References 27 publications

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

O impacto dos aditivos do tabaco na toxicidade da fumaça do cigarro: uma avaliação crítica dos estudos patrocinados pela indústria do fumo

Tobacco and pregnancy: Overview of exposures and effects

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