We investigated tobacco industry documents and other sources for evidence of possible pharmacological and chemical effects of tobacco additives. Our findings indicated that more than 100 of 599 documented cigarette additives have pharmacological actions that camouflage the odor of environmental tobacco smoke emitted from cigarettes, enhance or maintain nicotine delivery, could increase the addictiveness of cigarettes, and mask symptoms and illnesses associated with smoking behaviors. Whether such uses were specifically intended for these agents is unknown. Our results provide a clear rationale for regulatory control of tobacco additives.

The purpose of this research was to determine the helpfulness of different counselor verbal response modes. Two samples were studied, an analogue sample and an actual counseling sample. Using Interpersonal Process Recall, clients in both samples rated the helpfulness of particular counselor responses in just-completed counseling sessions. In the counseling sample, counselors also rated the helpfulness of the same responses. These responses were measured for type of response mode by objective raters, clients, and counselors. Interpretations received the highest helpfulness ratings from both client and counselor. Advisements were rated as slightly more helpful than nonadvisements, and questions were rated as slightly less helpful than nonquestions. However, counselor response modes account for only a small proportion of the variance in helpfulness ratings, which points out the need for research on contextual variables and response mode subtypes.Basic helping skills training programs (e.g., Carkhuff & Pierce, 1975;Danish & Hauer, 1973;Goodman, 1979;Ivey & Gluckstern, 1974; Kagan, Note 1) teach helpers to reduce advice-giving and question-asking and to increase reflection, "uhhuh," and self-disclosure responses. In spite of this, there is little research that evaluates the actual effectiveness of different response modes, although this issue has been addressed in several recent reviews (e.g., Orlinsky & Howard, 1978;Pope, 1979).

No abstract