Pharmacological dissociation of moderate and high contextual fear as assessed by freezing behavior and fear-potentiated startle

Santos, Julia M.; Gárgaro, Ana Carolina; Oliveira, Amanda Ribeiro de; Masson, Sueli; Brandão, Marcus Lira

doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2004.10.004

Cited by 56 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…On the other hand, Ray, Molnar, Aikins, Yamasaki, Newman, Castonguay et al (2009) found that patients showed a greater startle reflex than controls during tasks that induced either worry or relaxation, but not during the baseline period. In agreement with the findings of Ray et al, CC rats display potentiated startle in the conditioned context (McNish, Gewirtz, & Davis, 1997;Santos, Gargaro, Oliveira, Masson, & Brandao, 2005). It should be noted that patients suffering from other anxiety disorders with a strong anticipatory anxiety component, such as panic disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder, show elevated conditioned contextual anxiety as measured by startle, but no increase of fearpotentiated startle to a conditioned cue in comparison with healthy controls Grillon et al, 2009).…”

Section: Face Validitysupporting

confidence: 79%

“…They are still particularly appropriate as short-term treatments, but should be used with caution, because of their risk for abuse and dependency. Treatment with a variety of benzodiazepines has been found to be effective in GAD (diazepam, alprazolam, lorazepam, clonazepam;Enkelmann, 1991;Fricchione, 2004;Rickels, DeMartinis, & Aufdembrinke, 2000), as well as in the CC model (diazepam, alprazolam, midazolam, chlordiazepoxide;Fanselow & Helmstetter, 1988;Grillon, Baas, Pine et al, 2006;Santos et al, 2005).…”

Section: Predictive Validitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contextual conditioning in rats as an animal model for generalized anxiety disorder

Luyten

Vansteenwegen

Kuyck

et al. 2011

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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Animal models of psychiatric disorders are important translational tools for exploring new treatment options and gaining more insight into the disease. Thus far, there is no systematically validated animal model for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), a severely impairing and difficult-to-treat disease. In this review, we propose contextual conditioning (CC) as an animal model for GAD. We argue that this model has sufficient face validity (there are several symptom similarities), predictive validity (it responds to clinically effective treatments), and construct validity (the underlying mechanisms are comparable). Although the refinement and validation of an animal model is a never-ending process, we want to give a concise overview of the currently available evidence. We suggest that the CC model might be a valuable preclinical tool to enhance the development of new treatment strategies and our understanding of GAD.

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Section: Face Validitysupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Predictive Validitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Contextual conditioning in rats as an animal model for generalized anxiety disorder

Luyten

Vansteenwegen

Kuyck

et al. 2011

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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“…Others have concluded that USVs represent a state of anxiety rather than fear, based on evidence that vocalizations are more prevalent during inter-trial intervals of fear conditioning sessions than following the onset of the CS (Jelen, Soltysik, & Zagrodzka, 2003). While amount of freezing may represent differences in intensities of the two CSs (Santos, Gárgaro, Oliveira, Masson & Brandão, 2005), it is possible that USVs are representing an alternate gradient, such as anxiety level. However, it would be surprising if rats were less anxious when presented with a CS perceived as more intense (context).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strain and sex differences in fear conditioning: 22 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations and freezing in rats.

Graham¹,

Yoon²,

Lee³

et al. 2009

Psychology & Neuroscience

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Strain and sex differences in fear conditioning were investigated in two commonly used laboratory rats: Sprague Dawleys and Long-Evans. Twenty-two kHz ultrasonic vocalization (USV) distress calls and freezing behavior were used to measure fear responses to contextual and auditory conditioned stimuli (CSs), which were previously paired with a footshock unconditioned stimulus (US). Both strain and sex had significant effects on USVs and freezing during training and subsequent context and tone tests. Overall, the male Sprague Dawley rats froze and emitted USVs more than the other groups. Additionally, levels of freezing and USVs were differentially influenced by the type of CS (context or tone). These results suggest that species-specific defense responses in laboratory rats are highly influenced by the strain and sex of the subject, and that these factors should be considered in future fear conditioning studies.

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“…This concentration corresponds to the olfactory detection range reported for mice (10 -11 -10 -10 M) [25]. The grid floor was connected to an electronic stimulator (Grass Instruments S44, Quincy, MA, USA) coupled in series to a stimulus isolation unit (Grass Instruments SIU5, Quincy, MA, USA) and constant-current unit (Grass Instruments CCUIA, Quincy, MA, USA SIU5) that allowed the application of a total of 10 random-interval unavoidable electric footshocks (0.6 mA direct current, 1.0 s duration, 0.5 c/s) over 16 min [26,27]. One group of rats (n = 11) underwent stereotaxic surgery 24 h after the single session (24 h group).…”

Section: Experimental Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to an Alarm Pheromone Combined with Footshock Stress Enhances Responsivity of the Medial Amygdala-Hippocampus Circuit

Contreras¹

2014

AJPN

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Alarm substances are released under stressful situations and may constitute signals that prevent other members of the group from encountering dangerous situations by producing fear. 2-Heptanone is an alarm pheromone that increases the neuronal firing rate in temporal lobe structures that are related to fear in the rat, such as the basal amygdala. A single stress session of unavoidable electric footshock or 2-heptanone sniffing increases the responsivity of the medial amygdala-hippocampus circuit, but unknown is the timing of action of simultaneous exposure to both stressors on the firing rate and responsivity of CA1-CA3 neurons identified by their connections with the medial amygdala nucleus. Twenty-four or 48 h after a single stress session, we obtained single-unit extracellular recordings. The firing rate was higher in the 48 h group. The peristimulus histogram showed an increase in the responsivity of amygdala-hippocampus neurons, which was more pronounced 48 h after a single stress session. The present results suggest an increase in the sensitivity of this circuit after a single stress session, seemingly representing a first step in the formation of emotional memories related to a conditioned response to fear.

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Pharmacological dissociation of moderate and high contextual fear as assessed by freezing behavior and fear-potentiated startle

Cited by 56 publications

References 38 publications

Contextual conditioning in rats as an animal model for generalized anxiety disorder

Contextual conditioning in rats as an animal model for generalized anxiety disorder

Strain and sex differences in fear conditioning: 22 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations and freezing in rats.

Exposure to an Alarm Pheromone Combined with Footshock Stress Enhances Responsivity of the Medial Amygdala-Hippocampus Circuit

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