Pharmacological Effects of Biotin in Animals

Abstract

In recent decades, it was found that vitamins affect biological functions in ways other than their long-known functions; niacin is the best example of a water-soluble vitamin known to possess multiple actions. Biotin, also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H, is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin that serves as a covalently-bound coenzyme of carboxylases. It is now well documented that biotin has actions other than participating in classical enzyme catalysis reactions. Several lines of evidence have demonstrated that pharmacological concentrations of biotin affect glucose and lipid metabolism, hypertension, reproduction, development, and immunity. The effect of biotin on these functions is related to its actions at the transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels. The bestsupported mechanism involved in the genetic effects of biotin is the soluble guanylate cyclase/protein kinase G (PKG) signaling cascade. Although there are commercially-available products containing pharmacological concentrations of biotin, the toxic effects of biotin have been poorly studied. This review summarizes the known actions and molecular mechanisms of pharmacological doses of biotin in animals and current information regarding biotin toxicity.

Proximity Dependent Biotinylation: Key Enzymes and Adaptation to Proteomics Approaches

“…For instance, whether some enzymes work better than others inside acidic organelles remains to be defined. Furthermore, biotin has a well-characterized role in metabolism but extends to other processes such as the cell cycle, transcription and DNA damage, and high concentrations of biotin may alter these processes (reviewed elsewhere (145,146)). Therefore, the ability for some BPL enzymes to work with minute concentrations of biotin can help minimize the need for high concentrations of biotin.…”

Impact of Nutrients on the Hoof Health in Cattle

“…Biotin, vitamin B7, is a significant vitamin for keratinization [ 19 , 30 , 61 , 73 , 75 , 81 ] and hoof integrity [ 26 , 75 , 81 , 93 , 118 , 128 ], which increases the importance of biotinidase, the enzyme responsible for recovery and recycling biotin [ 75 ]. This water-soluble vitamin [ 18 , 61 , 81 , 129 ], which is also called vitamin H [ 19 , 73 , 81 , 129 , 130 ], acts as a cofactor in gluconeogenesis, fatty acid, and protein synthesis [ 18 , 61 , 73 , 81 , 96 , 128 ]. Biotin is a cofactor of microbial enzymes that is involved in the synthesis of propionic acid [ 128 ].…”

“…Biotin is a cofactor of microbial enzymes that is involved in the synthesis of propionic acid [ 128 ]. Biotin is an essential factor for the production of several carboxylase enzymes that catalyse substantial steps in intermediate metabolism [ 41 , 66 , 72 , 73 , 81 , 107 , 129 ]. The role of biotin in lipogenesis, as a cofactor in acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase and the synthesis of higher fatty acids, affects the amount and composition of fatty acids in the heel cushion [ 18 , 73 , 81 , 129 ].…”

Pharmacological signatures of the reduced incidence and the progression of cognitive decline in ageing populations suggest the protective role of beneficial polypharmacy

“…These conclusions were produced based on the analysis of > 50000 patients, > 1900 dosage forms and > 300 clinical trials linked in a single alignment presented earlier (Tables 1 and 2). The mechanisms at the highest tier of database signals in Table 1 and Files A-C in S1 Data (Mg+2, Zn+2, Se, biotin, chromium picolinate, vitamin A-lutein) are traditionally prescribed as life-extending or preventing retinal degeneration and substantial evidence of mechanistic involvement or clinical efficiency are available for each, including successful controlled clinical trials or successful treatment of organic neurological conditions in humans, based on incremental definition of "success" ( [63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72], Tables 1 and 2).…”