1 The non-peptide neurokinin NKI-receptor antagonist, RP 67580 (3aR, 7aR), a perhydroisoindolone derivative, powerfully reduced plasma extravasation in rat hind paw skin induced by local application of xylene (ID50 = 0.03 mg kg ', i.v.) or capsaicin (ID50 = 0.06 mg kg-', i.v.), or by i.v. injection of exogenous substance P (SP) or septide ([pGlu6,) (IDm = 0.04-0.05 mg kg ', i.v.). RP 67580 (1 mg kg-', i.v.) also abolished capsaicin-induced nasal fluid hypersecretion (by 82 ± 5%). These effects were found to be stereospecific, the enantiomer, RP 68651 (3aS, 7aS), being inactive at lmgkg-', i.v. 2 In rats neonatally treated with capsaicin (50 mg kg-', s.c.), plasma extravasation induced by SP was significantly increased (by 43 ± 7%). RP 67580 (1 mg kg-', i.v.) completely inhibited the SP-induced plasma extravasation in capsaicin neonatally treated-animals, as it did in control animals. This result suggests that RP 67580 acts at the postsynaptic level for the inhibition of plasma extravasation.3 Opioid receptor agonists, ft-(morphine) and ic-(PD-117302) at 10mgkg-', s.c., in contrast to NKI-receptor antagonists, did not inhibit plasma extravasation induced by exogenous SP. They were, however, partially effective against plasma extravasation induced by electrical nerve stimulation (74 ± 4% and 48 ± 9% inhibition at 10 mg kg', s.c. of morphine and PD-1 17302, respectively, compared to 90 ± 3% inhibition obtained with RP 67580, 3 mg kg-', s.c.). These results indicate the presynaptic action of opioid receptor agonists, in contrast to the postsynaptic action of NK,-receptor antagonists for the inhibition of plasma extravasation. 4 Ligature of the saphenous nerve distal to the point of electrical stimulation, local application of lignocaine to the saphenous nerve, neonatal capsaicin pretreatment, and colchicine at very low doses (120 jig kg' day-' given for 3 days) were found to prevent plasma extravasation elicited by electrical nerve stimulation. 5 The foregoing results demonstrate that the non-peptide NK,-receptor antagonist, RP67580, is a potent inhibitor of plasma extravasation induced in skin by NK,-receptor agonists, by local application of chemical irritants (capsaicin or xylene) or by electrical nerve stimulation. Moreover, opioid receptor agonists and colchicine inhibit plasma extravasation induced by electrical nerve stimulation but not that elicited by exogenous SP. Therefore, it is possible to inhibit neurogenic inflammation either at the presynaptic level with opioid receptor agonists and colchicine, or at the postsynaptic level with NK,-receptor antagonists, and that the new non-peptide NK,-receptor antagonists may have a great potential for alleviation of inflammation in various pathological syndromes in man.