Pharmacology and adverse effects of new psychoactive substances: synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists

Chung, Eun Yong; Jin, Hongzhe; Min, Hyun Kyu; Yun, Jaesuk

doi:10.1007/s12272-021-01326-6

Cited by 20 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Significant tachycardia also occurs after smoking of UR-144, JWH-122 and JWH-210 [ 114 , 128 ] and other synthetic cannabimimetics (reviewed by Zawilska et al [ 8 ] and Chung et al [ 9 ]). Nonetheless, quantitative or even qualitative differences exist, depending on the route of administration, the compound under consideration and the pharmaceutical formulation.…”

Section: Tachycardia—generalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Synthetic agonists of cannabinoid receptors (CB-Rs), so-called synthetic cannabimimetics, are lipid-soluble compounds which consist of 20–26 carbon atoms; they volatilize readily during smoking and are undetectable with common drug-screening tests. Nowadays, they are manufactured in illegal laboratories under various brand names such as K2 or Spice and became popular for recreational purposes due to their increased availability in the market [ 8 , 9 ]. Their distribution is not controlled and they are easily available as “seemingly innocent, herbal products”.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Why Do Marijuana and Synthetic Cannabimimetics Induce Acute Myocardial Infarction in Healthy Young People?

Weresa

Pędzińska-Betiuk

Mińczuk

et al. 2022

Cells

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The use of cannabis preparations has steadily increased. Although cannabis was traditionally assumed to only have mild vegetative side effects, it has become evident in recent years that severe cardiovascular complications can occur. Cannabis use has recently even been added to the risk factors for myocardial infarction. This review is dedicated to pathogenetic factors contributing to cannabis-related myocardial infarction. Tachycardia is highly important in this respect, and we provide evidence that activation of CB1 receptors in brain regions important for cardiovascular regulation and of presynaptic CB1 receptors on sympathetic and/or parasympathetic nerve fibers are involved. The prototypical factors for myocardial infarction, i.e., thrombus formation and coronary constriction, have also been considered, but there is little evidence that they play a decisive role. On the other hand, an increase in the formation of carboxyhemoglobin, impaired mitochondrial respiration, cardiotoxic reactions and tachyarrhythmias associated with the increased sympathetic tone are factors possibly intensifying myocardial infarction. A particularly important factor is that cannabis use is frequently accompanied by tobacco smoking. In conclusion, additional research is warranted to decipher the mechanisms involved, since cannabis use is being legalized increasingly and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its synthetic analogue nabilone are indicated for the treatment of various disease states.

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Section: Tachycardia—generalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why Do Marijuana and Synthetic Cannabimimetics Induce Acute Myocardial Infarction in Healthy Young People?

Weresa

Pędzińska-Betiuk

Mińczuk

et al. 2022

Cells

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Multiple synthetic cannabinoid compounds have been developed with the aim to pharmacologically target specific aspects of the ECS and to facilitate the development of cannabinoid therapeutics [ 147 ]. Firstly, the compound WIN55,212-2, an aminoalkylindole derivative, with affinity for both cannabinoid receptors, but binding to CB 2 with higher affinity, represents one of the most actively studied synthetic cannabinoids [ 148 , 149 ].…”

Section: Synthetic Cannabinoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabidiol modulation of oxidative stress and signalling

et al. 2021

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Cannabidiol (CBD), one of the primary non-euphoric components in the Cannabis sativa L. plant, has undergone clinical development over the last number of years as a therapeutic for patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndromes. This phytocannabinoid demonstrates functional and pharmacological diversity, and research data indicate that CBD is a comparable antioxidant to common antioxidants. This review gathers the latest knowledge regarding the impact of CBD on oxidative signalling, with focus on the proclivity of CBD to regulate antioxidants and control the production of reactive oxygen species. CBD is considered an attractive therapeutic agent for neuroimmune disorders, and a body of literature indicates that CBD can regulate redox function at multiple levels, with a range of downstream effects on cells and tissues. However, pro-oxidant capacity of CBD has also been reported, and hence caution must be applied when considering CBD from a therapeutic standpoint. Such pro- and antioxidant functions of CBD may be cell- and model-dependent, and may also be influenced by CBD dose, the duration of CBD treatment and the underlying pathology.

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“…Among other things, there is no discussion on the attribution of toxic effects to the substance or any contaminants. However, according to several reports, death related to the consumption of synthetic cannabinoids is frequently attributable to malignant ventricular arrhythmias, ischemic stroke, respiratory depression, degeneration of psychotic episodes, and reduced perception of the risk of accidents [ 111 , 112 , 113 ]; in some cases, as in the present review, death resulted from a multiorgan dysfunction syndrome with probable renal origin [ 114 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in Young Synthetic Cannabinoids Abusers

et al. 2022

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Background. Synthetic cannabinoid-related acute kidney injury represents an increasingly important public health issue due to the diagnostic challenges given by low clinical suspicion of the disease and the frequent undetectability in routine drug tests. Methods. A systematic literature search on PubMed was carried out until 31 January 2022. Case reports, case series, retrospective and prospective studies, as well as reviews on acute kidney injury related to the consumption of synthetic cannabinoid were searched. Results. The systematic review process selected 21 studies for a total of 55 subjects with synthetic cannabinoid-induced acute kidney injury. Renal damage was demonstrated by elevated serum creatinine levels in 49 patients (89%). On renal ultrasound, the most frequent finding was an increase in cortical echogenicity. Renal biopsy, performed in 33% of cases, revealed acute tubular damage, acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, and acute interstitial nephritis, in decreasing order of frequency. Conclusion. Prompt identification and treatment of synthetic cannabinoid-related acute kidney injury represent a sensitive public health goal both for the acute management of damage from synthetic cannabinoids and for the prevention of chronic kidney disease.

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Pharmacology and adverse effects of new psychoactive substances: synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists

Cited by 20 publications

References 80 publications

Why Do Marijuana and Synthetic Cannabimimetics Induce Acute Myocardial Infarction in Healthy Young People?

Why Do Marijuana and Synthetic Cannabimimetics Induce Acute Myocardial Infarction in Healthy Young People?

Cannabidiol modulation of oxidative stress and signalling

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in Young Synthetic Cannabinoids Abusers

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