Pharmacotherapy of Alcohol Use Disorders: Seventy-Five Years of Progress

Abstract

ABSTRACT. Modern pharmacotherapy for alcohol dependence has its roots in the failure of National Prohibition in the United States and the rise of the disease model of alcoholism (embodied in Alcoholics Anonymous). In 1948, disulfi ram was the fi rst medication approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat alcohol dependence, but its effi cacy has not been supported by randomized controlled trials. In the 1960s, benzodiazepines replaced older treatments for alcohol withdrawal, but sedative and dependence-producing effects limit their utility in the postwithdrawal period. In the 1980s, the focus shifted to the treatment of co-occurring psychiatric disorders and medications that modify negative mood states, which contribute to relapse to heavy drinking. In the 1990s, developments in neurobiology implicated specifi c neurotransmitter systems underlying alcohol's effects, culminating in the 1994 approval by the FDA of the opioid antagonist naltrexone to treat alcohol dependence. In 2006, the FDA approved a long-acting formulation of naltrexone. Recently, nalmefene, another opioid receptor antagonist, was approved in Europe for as-needed use to reduce heavy drinking. Acamprosate, an amino acid derivative, fi rst approved in France in 1989, received FDA approval in 2004. However, the benefi cial effects of the approved medications are only modestly greater than those of placebo, and their use is limited. Topiramate, currently under investigation for alcohol dependence, has greater effi cacy but a variety of adverse effects. In addition to the identifi cation of novel compounds, the future of alcohol dependence pharmacotherapy will depend on developments in pharmacogenetics, in which genetic variation that moderates treatment effi cacy and adverse effects is used to personalize treatment. (J. Stud.

Promising Pharmacogenetic Targets for Treating Alcohol Use Disorder: Evidence from Preclinical Models

“…There is a long history of GABAergic pharmacotherapies in treating AUD; unfortunately, drugs that target GABA A receptor sub types have largely been abandoned due to the signifi cant crosstolerance with alcohol, the additive depres sant effects on the CNS and the significant abuse potential. Thus, benzodiazepines have been relegated for use during the acute detoxification period [22].…”

Efficacy of Medications Approved for the Treatment of Alcohol Dependence and Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome in Female Patients: A Descriptive Review

“…Currently, medications approved in the United Kingdom and/or in the United States for AD treatment to help patients achieve abstinence, or at least to reduce alcohol consumption, comprise disulfiram, naltrexone, acamprosate, nalmefene and gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) [1][2][3] .…”

Disulfiram-like Reaction Involving Ceftriaxone in a Pediatric Patient

“…The reaction's mechanism involves disulfiram or the offending drug inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), the enzyme responsible for converting acetaldehyde-an ethanol metabolite-to acetate. 1 The resulting increase in noxious serum acetaldehyde leads to clinical effects that range in severity and that are proportional to the amount of exposure to alcohol and the offending drug. Mild reactions manifest as vasodilation resulting in flushing and headache, while moderate to severe reactions can progress from nausea and vomiting to hypotension, dysrhythmia, and death.…”