Pharming and transgenic plants

Genetic Engineering of Field, Industrial and Pharmaceutical Crops

“…Current therapeutic proteins biosynthesis systems utilizing prokaryotes, yeasts and cultured mammalian cell mediums are handicapped in several ways [142]. Prokaryotes can only biosynthesize simple therapeutic proteins such as insulin, interferon or growth hormone as complex proteins produced in them are not always properly folded or processed for proper level of biological activity [143].…”

“…A recombinant protein yield of up to 20 kg/ha have been reported using tobacco, corn, soybean or alfalfa [146] [147]. Newly developed plant expression systems in duckweed, moss, algae, and higher plant suspension-cultured cells offer the opportunity of fast turnover and high yield molecular farming in highly contained and completely controlled environment [142]. Unlike yeasts, transgenic plants possess the ability to carry out most PTMs needed to produce complex proteins such as plasma proteins, antigens, hormones, cytokines, enzymes and antibodies [144] [148].…”

“…Unlike yeasts, transgenic plants possess the ability to carry out most PTMs needed to produce complex proteins such as plasma proteins, antigens, hormones, cytokines, enzymes and antibodies [144] [148]. In most cases, several PTMs including proteolytic cleavage(s), oligomerization and glycosylation are required to obtain therapeutic proteins of proper biological activity, pharmacokinetics, stability, and solubility [142]. Expression levels for therapeutic proteins in plants remain low and currently several approaches including codon optimization [149]- [151], RNA silencing [152] [153], targeted secretion of recombinant proteins by the roots [154] [155], stored into seed endosperm [156] and seed oilbodies [157], production in chloroplast [158] are being experimented to improve yields.…”

Plantes, médicaments et génétique

“…La nécessité de standardisation, de dosage des antigènes et même la mise en évidence que la production de bananiers transgéniques soulève des difficultés techniques inattendues ont fait évoluer les projets de vaccination orale par PGM vers plus de réalisme. Ce concept a toutefois suscité une grande activité de recherche dans ce domaine et de très nombreux vaccins utilisables par voie orale ont été produits depuis dans de nombreuses PGM [5]. Récemment des fondations caritatives, en particulier la fondation Bill et Melinda Gates, ont financé plusieurs équipes de recherche et sociétés de biotechnologie en leur fixant comme objectif de développer des PGM produisant des vaccins peu coûteux (moins de 0,8 dollar la dose) et dont la conservation au froid n'est pas nécessaire.…”

Application of a PEG/salt aqueous two‐phase partition system for the recovery of monoclonal antibodies from unclarified transgenic tobacco extract

“…Future progress in utilizing transgenic plants for biopharmaceuticals production will depend on the efficiency of the purification methods, since purification represents most of the cost of biopharmaceutical production in transgenic plants [14,15].…”