Phase Changes During the Manufacture of Lead-Acid Battery Plates

Armstrong, Jason A.; Dugdale, I.; Mccusker, W.J.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-012176-5.50017-7

Cited by 6 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…We can determine the flow of H + ions, NH+, which enters or leaves the reaction layer, from the chemical reaction [5]. The OH-and H + ions, formed as a result of reactions [1] and [3] where •OH- [1] signifies the OH-ions formed per unit time in reaction [1] and nH+ [3] signifies the H + ions formed per unit time at reaction [3].…”

Section: Discussion Of the Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zone Processes at the Formation of the Lead Acid Battery Positive Plate

Pavlov

Papazov

1980

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The processes during formation at different current densities of the positive lead acid battery plates prepared with different phase compositions of the paste were studied. At the formation a PbO2 zone is formed. The direction of its growth in the plate depends on the phase composition of the paste, the current density, the pH of the solution, the paste density, etc. It was found that at formation with a high current density of the plates with high sulfation pastes, the PbO2 zone grows in the interior of the plate first and then to its surfaces. At formation with a low current density of the plates with low sulfation pastes this process is inverse. A diagram of chemical and electrochemical reactions which take place in a reaction layer is presented. The direction of the PbO2 zone growth depends on the direction of H + and SO42-ion flows which keep electroneutrality of the solution in the reaction layer. When the H + and SO42-ion flows enter the reaction layer the PbO2 zone grows in the surface layers of the plate and vice versa, when they go out of the reaction layer the PbO2 zone grows first in the interior of the plate. * Electrochemical Society Active Member.

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Section: Discussion Of the Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zone Processes at the Formation of the Lead Acid Battery Positive Plate

Pavlov

Papazov

1980

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…The formation mechanism of the two crystalline phases of lead dioxide has been well documented. Orthorhombic ␣-PbO 2 is the product of cured battery plate electroformation at high pH, and tetragonal ␤-PbO 2 is formed by oxidation of cured battery plate at low pH [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Discharge capacities of both modifications have been measured and it has been found that the capacity of ␣-PbO 2 is lower than that of ␤-PbO 2 [2,10,11].Lead dioxide active mass is a gel-crystal system with proton and electron conductivity [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Plates soaking prior formation and its influence on positive active material phase composition and battery performance

Foudia

Zerroual

Matrakova

2009

Journal of Power Sources

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“…PbSO4. nH20 (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6). Delcending on the composition of the starting commercial oxides, unreacted metallic lead or Pb304 may also be present (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…nH20 (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6). Delcending on the composition of the starting commercial oxides, unreacted metallic lead or Pb304 may also be present (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6). In pastes cured at higher temperatures (>70~ and humidities, the tetrabasic species, 4PbO.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%