1998
DOI: 10.1121/1.423233
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Phase conjugation in the ocean: Experimental demonstration of an acoustic time-reversal mirror

Abstract: An experiment conducted in the Mediterranean Sea in April 1996 demonstrated that a time-reversal mirror ͑or phase conjugate array͒ can be implemented to spatially and temporally refocus an incident acoustic field back to its origin. The experiment utilized a vertical source-receiver array ͑SRA͒ spanning 77 m of a 125-m water column with 20 sources and receivers and a single source/receiver transponder ͑SRT͒ colocated in range with another vertical receive array ͑VRA͒ of 46 elements spanning 90 m of a 145-m wat… Show more

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Cited by 507 publications
(286 citation statements)
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“…At moderate frequencies, it may be practical to assemble a vertical array that spans the water column with elements spaced every half-wavelength. Such a configuration is relatively easy to analyze because the orthogonality of the acoustic modes supported by the ocean waveguide can be exploited [12,13]. At the higher frequencies relevant to acoustic communications, however, a long array with densely spaced elements is unrealistic.…”
Section: Spatial Diversity: Experimental Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…At moderate frequencies, it may be practical to assemble a vertical array that spans the water column with elements spaced every half-wavelength. Such a configuration is relatively easy to analyze because the orthogonality of the acoustic modes supported by the ocean waveguide can be exploited [12,13]. At the higher frequencies relevant to acoustic communications, however, a long array with densely spaced elements is unrealistic.…”
Section: Spatial Diversity: Experimental Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As found in acoustic physics [30]- [34] and then further validated in practical underwater propagation environments [35]- [37], the energy of the TR acoustic waves from transmitters could be refocused only at the intended location with very high spatial resolution. Since TR can make full use of multi-path propagation and also requires no complicated channel processing and equalization, it was later verified and tested in wireless radio communication systems.…”
Section: A the Basic Principles Of Trmentioning
confidence: 96%
“…Moreover, experimental studies in [15,32] show a remarkable stability of the time-reversed fields as it refocuses near to the source points. The explanation is that the re-compressed pulse in space and time that is statistically stable.…”
Section: Time Reversal Mirror (Trm) Techniquementioning
confidence: 99%