Conjugated conducting polymers constitute a subject of research
lying at the interface between solid-state
physics and molecular science. Electronic absorption and
vibrational spectroscopies of doped conjugated
polymers, whose ground states are nondegenerate, are reviewed from a
viewpoint of molecular spectroscopy.
Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool for studying the structures
of polarons and bipolarons, which are
associated with electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of the
polymers. Electronic absorption and Raman
spectra of doped polymers have been analyzed on the basis of those of
model compounds. These analyses
have led us to the conclusion that polarons are the major species
generated by doping in most nondegenerate
conjugated polymers such as polythiophene,
poly(p-phenylene), and
poly(p-phenylenevinylene), in contrast
with the previous view that bipolarons are the major species. The
theoretical and experimental bases of
these two contradictory views are discussed.