Phase separation and crystallinity in proton conducting membranes of styrene grafted and sulfonated poly(vinylidene fluoride)

Solid polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cell applications—a review

“…Among these 15 membranes showed potential for replacing Nafion ® membranes [69,70]. Table 3 summarizes information on synthesis of these 15 candidate materials [71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81]. The structures of prominent ones under this category are given in Figs.…”

Single-step radiation induced grafting for preparation of proton exchange membranes for fuel cell

“…The X c of the membranes was calculated by correcting their recorded H m by dividing over the weight fraction of PVDF in the investigated membrane as reported elsewhere [4,15].…”

“…Radiation grafted sulfonic acid membranes are commonly prepared by radiation induced grafting of styrene, styrene/crosslinker mixtures, or substituted styrene monomers onto fluorinated polymer films followed by sulfonation reaction to confer the ionic character [3,4]. Sulfonation is commonly performed using a strong sulfonating agent such as chlorosulfonic acid diluted with sulfonation resisting solvent (e.g.…”

ASAXS study of styrene-grafted sulfonated poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes

“…A more detailed description of the sample preparation can be found in related articles. 7,9,10 In Table I, the main characteristics of the membranes before metal neutralization are listed. The level of sulfonation, that is, the number of sulfonate groups per number of styrene groups (N S /N PS ), is calculated from ion-exchange capacities.…”