Phenetic Analysis of Cultivated Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in Malaysia

Abstract

Phenetic analysis of all the black pepper cultivars in Malaysia is crucial to determine the morphological difference among them. The objective of this study is to ascertain the morphological distinctness and interrelationships among the cultivars to ensure registration of each variety under the Plant Variety Protection Act, as a prerequisite toward implementation of a monovarietal farm policy in the future. Cluster analysis revealed that cultivars “Semongok Aman” and “Semongok 1” have high distinctness values for identification; thus, varietal diagnosis for the two cultivars is easy. Cultivars “Nyerigai,” “India,” “Semongok Perak,” and “Semongok Emas” were grouped in the most diverse clusters among the ten cultivars studied. The four cultivars have a similarity index as high as 92%; however, investigation of leaf width, leaf width-length ratio, seed weight, and conversion rate (fresh to black pepper) gives the ability to determine the characteristic differences. Cultivars “Lampung Daun Lebar” and “Yong Petai” have a similarity of 96%; however, the two showed distinctive differences in leaf width, leaf length-width ratio, spike thickness, and spike length characteristics. On the contrary, cultivars “Kuching” and “Sarikei” showed the highest similarity index, at 98%, and thus are among the most difficult cultivars to diagnose the morphological difference. However, the principle component analysis showed that the fruit size and seed diameter were the important diagnostic key characteristics. Overall, the leaf width, leaf width-length ratio, fruit spike, and conversion rate characteristics are among the key characteristics to differentiate among cultivars of black pepper in Malaysia. At the same time, the principle component analysis carried out has enlightened some interrelationships on the morphological characteristics between cultivars. This information is crucial for the future of the plant varietal improvement program in Malaysia.

Black Pepper in Malaysia: An Overview and Future Prospects

“…To date, only three known cultivars are recommended by the Malaysian Pepper Board (MPB) to be cultivated in Malaysia based on berries productivity, disease resistance, piperine and oleoresin content, and the percentage of conversion to black or white pepper (Chen et al, 2018;Sruthi et al, 2013). Their composition and characteristic is presented in Table 2.…”

Secondary Metabolic Profile as a Tool for Distinction and Characterization of Cultivars of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Cultivated in Pará State, Brazil

“…Cultivars of black pepper present differences in leaf shape, stem, flowers, as well as the fruit size and thickness [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. The species presents several cultivars identified in the literature, with dozens of these cultivars explored in the main production areas of Brazil, such as “Apra”, “Bragantina”, “Cingapura”, “Clonada”, “Equador”, “Guajarina”, “Iaçará”, “Kottanadan”, “Kuthiravally”, and “Uthirankota”, among others [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ].…”

Botany, Diversity, and Distribution of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Cultivars in Malaysia

“…'Hybrid 10', while Chen (2011) reported on the floral biology study of P. nigrum, and the apomixis study in 2013, with regard to floral morphology. In 2018, a phenetic analysis on important cultivars in Malaysia has been reported by Chen et al (2018). The paper enlightened morphological distinctness of each cultivar based on ANOVA test and Principle Component Analysis.…”

“…'Lampung Daun Kecil'. In recent phenetic analysis on black pepper cultivar by Chen et al (2018), ten important cultivars were selected for the study.…”