Phenol Formaldehyde Revisited—Novolac Resins for the Treatment of Degraded Archaeological Wood

Christensen, Marianne; Hansen, Finn Knut; Kutzke, Hartmut

doi:10.1111/arcm.12097

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The advantages of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) include the high resolution (up to few nanometers) and three-dimensional (3D) information of the conserved wood structure generated [1,34,[44][45][46]. CT has already been used to analyze the wood anatomy [47] and to visualize conservation agents in the structure of archaeological wood [48][49][50]. Crosssectional images can be extracted from the digital CT datasets and were used here to supplement the microscopic procedures, allowing verification of the observations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging and Assessment of the Microstructure of Conserved Archaeological Pine

Stelzner¹,

Stelzner²,

Gwerder

et al. 2023

Forests

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Impressive wooden objects from past cultures can last for centuries or millennia in waterlogged soil. The aim of conservation is to bring the more or less degraded waterlogged archaeological wooden (WAW) finds to a stable state without altering the wood structure through shrinkage, collapse, and deformation. In this study, the most used methods in the conservation practice, such as the alcohol-ether resin method, conservation with the melamine formaldehyde resin Kauramin 800, a mixture of lactitol and trehalose, saccharose, silicone oil, and three different conservation methods with polyethylene glycol followed by freeze-drying were tested. The effects of the conservation agents on the structure of archaeological pine were investigated using optical light microscopy (reflected light microscopy, RLM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray computed tomography (XCT). Through the examinations, most conservation agents could be identified in the structure and their impact on conservation could be analyzed. In particular, it was possible to trace the incorporation of the conservation agents in the lumen, which was influenced by factors, such as wood anatomy, degree of degradation, and drying process. Differences in the mode of action of the conservation processes could also be identified in the composition of the cell wall tracheids.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging and Assessment of the Microstructure of Conserved Archaeological Pine

Stelzner¹,

Stelzner²,

Gwerder

et al. 2023

Forests

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“…However, the treatment can be inappropriate for highly degraded alum-filled artefacts because the pre-polymer mixture dissolves alum crystals risking disintegration of the wooden object. Further research on larger wood pieces is necessary to assess the actual usefulness of the method, as well as finding more safe solvents to prevent the dissolution of alum crystals during the treatment [211,255].…”

Section: Other Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical Wood: Structure, Properties and Conservation

2022

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Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Preface to "Historical Wood: Structure, Properties and Conservation"Nowadays, the majority of research concentrates on applied science that regards issues crucial from the socio-economical perspective, such as new functional materials and super-efficient technologies, clean energy, improvement of human health, or tackling climate change. However, we cannot forget about our culture and history, which define our humanity. Wooden cultural heritage is an integral part of it. Therefore, we are obliged to protect it, save it from oblivion, and preserve it for future generations. This Special Issue presents the methods for the historical wooden artefacts conservation, reliable modern techniques for characterisation of the wood structure, properties and degree of degradation.It also discusses problems and doubts related to all aspects of conservation and re-conservation of wooden cultural heritage.We hope that this book will meet the expectations of readers interested in historical wood.

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Section: Other Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conservation of Waterlogged Wood—Past, Present and Future Perspectives

Broda

Hill

2021

Forests

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This paper reviews the degradation, preservation and conservation of waterlogged archaeological wood. Degradation due to bacteria in anoxic and soft-rot fungi and bacteria in oxic waterlogged conditions is discussed with consideration of the effect on the chemical composition of wood, as well as the deposition of sulphur and iron within the structure. The effects on physical properties are also considered. The paper then discusses the role of consolidants in preserving waterlogged archaeological wood after it is excavated as well as issues to be considered when reburial is used as a means of preservation. The use of alum and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as consolidants is presented along with various case studies with particular emphasis on marine artefacts. The properties of consolidated wood are examined, especially with respect to the degradation of the wood post-conservation. Different consolidants are reviewed along with their use and properties. The merits and risks of reburial and in situ preservation are considered as an alternative to conservation.

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Phenol Formaldehyde Revisited—Novolac Resins for the Treatment of Degraded Archaeological Wood

Cited by 6 publications

References 22 publications

Imaging and Assessment of the Microstructure of Conserved Archaeological Pine

Imaging and Assessment of the Microstructure of Conserved Archaeological Pine

Historical Wood: Structure, Properties and Conservation

Conservation of Waterlogged Wood—Past, Present and Future Perspectives

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