Phenolic Acid-Mediated Regulation of the
            <i>padC</i>
            Gene, Encoding the Phenolic Acid Decarboxylase of
            <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>

Tran, Ngoc Phuong; Gury, Jérôme; Dartois, Véronique; Nguyen, Thi Kim Chi; Seraut, Hélène; Barthelmebs, Lise; Gervais, Patrick; Cavin, Jean-François

doi:10.1128/jb.01936-07

Cited by 65 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The decarboxylation of ferulic acid and 4-VG production has been studied for a long time as it is a commonly observed biological reaction in various microorganisms such as bacteria (9,11,20,21) and yeasts (6,15,16). In the alcoholic beverage industry, this study is also of interest as 4-VG is an important flavour compound in beer, wine, sake and shochu (22)(23)(24).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single nucleotide polymorphisms and transcription analysis of genes involved in ferulic acid decarboxylation among different beer yeasts

Chen¹,

Dong²,

Yin³

et al. 2015

J. Inst. Brew.

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The compound 4-vinylguaiacol, which is produced by the decarboxylation of ferulic acid in certain yeasts, is an important flavour compound in the brewing industry. This decarboxylation ability varies significantly in different beer yeasts and most strains possessing this ability are classified as ale yeasts. In this study, both lager and ale strains were used for fermentation tests and the decarboxylation ability was quantified. Two lager and three ale strains were identified with high ferulic acid decarboxylation activity. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis of PAD1 and FDC1 was conducted by gene sequencing and alignment. In addition, transcription analysis of the two genes was also performed with a GeXP genetic analysis system. A positive relationship between SNPs and ferulic acid decarboxylation activity was determined, and the premature termination codon introduced by base substitution and insertion resulted in the loss of this ability in beer yeasts, whereas other SNPs had a relatively limited influence on it. The GeXP results revealed that genes containing nonsense mutations exhibited low transcription levels, which could be explained by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. These findings will further the understanding of the relationship between SNPs and biological traits, and will hopefully provide a promising strain selection method for industrial yeasts based on SNP markers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single nucleotide polymorphisms and transcription analysis of genes involved in ferulic acid decarboxylation among different beer yeasts

Chen¹,

Dong²,

Yin³

et al. 2015

J. Inst. Brew.

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“…Gallo_2106 (PadC) is predicted to be a phenolic acid decarboxylase similar to those present in lactobacilli and bacilli. For example, the B. subtilis PadC protein decarboxylates phenolic compounds and is implicated in the phenolic acid stress response (61). Gallo_0906 belongs to the carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase family.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome Sequence ofStreptococcus gallolyticus: Insights into Its Adaptation to the Bovine Rumen and Its Ability To Cause Endocarditis

et al. 2010

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Streptococcus gallolyticus (formerly known as Streptococcus bovis biotype I) is an increasing cause of endocarditis among streptococci and frequently associated with colon cancer. S. gallolyticus is part of the rumen flora but also a cause of disease in ruminants as well as in birds. Here we report the complete nucleotide sequence of strain UCN34, responsible for endocarditis in a patient also suffering from colon cancer. Analysis of the 2,239 proteins encoded by its 2,350-kb-long genome revealed unique features among streptococci, probably related to its adaptation to the rumen environment and its capacity to cause endocarditis. S. gallolyticus has the capacity to use a broad range of carbohydrates of plant origin, in particular to degrade polysaccharides derived from the plant cell wall. Its genome encodes a large repertoire of transporters and catalytic activities, like tannase, phenolic compounds decarboxylase, and bile salt hydrolase, that should contribute to the detoxification of the gut environment. Furthermore, S. gallolyticus synthesizes all 20 amino acids and more vitamins than any other sequenced Streptococcus species. Many of the genes encoding these specific functions were likely acquired by lateral gene transfer from other bacterial species present in the rumen. The surface properties of strain UCN34 may also contribute to its virulence. A polysaccharide capsule might be implicated in resistance to innate immunity defenses, and glucan mucopolysaccharides, three types of pili, and collagen binding proteins may play a role in adhesion to tissues in the course of endocarditis.

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“…These acids can be released by cinnamonyl esterase activities, which are expressed by various microorganisms (10,12,27) and in their free form induce a specific chemical stress response in microorganisms. Certain bacteria, such as the probiotic organism Lactobacillus plantarum (6,8,15), Pediococcus pentosaceus (7), and Bacillus subtilis (9,29,32), are resistant to the toxicity of phenolic acids, such as ferulic, p-coumaric, and caffeic acids. This resistance is due to the rapid induction of the padA or padC gene, which encodes a phenolic acid decarboxylase (PadA or PadC) that can rapidly degrade these antimicrobial acids into less toxic vinyl derivatives (6).…”

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confidence: 99%

Genetic and Biochemical Analysis of PadR- padC Promoter Interactions during the Phenolic Acid Stress Response in Bacillus subtilis 168

Nguyen¹,

Tran

Cavin³

2011

J Bacteriol

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Bacillus subtilis 168 is resistant to phenolic acids by expression of an inducible enzyme, the phenolic acid decarboxylase (PadC), that decarboxylates these acids into less toxic vinyl derivatives. In the phenolic acid stress response (PASR), the repressor of padC, PadR, is inactivated by these acids. Inactivation of PadR is followed by a strong expression of padC. To elucidate the functional interaction between PadR and the padC promoter, we performed (i) footprinting assays to identify the region protected by PadR, (ii) electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) with a modified padC promoter protected region to determine the interacting sequences, and (iii) random mutagenesis of padR to identify amino acid residues essential for the function of PadR. We identified an important consensus dyad sequence called IR1-2 (ATGT-8N-ACAT) overlapping a second dyad element (GTGT-8N-ACAT) that we named dIR1-2bis. The entire dIR1-2bis/IR1-2 sequence permits binding of two PadR dimers in EMSAs, which may be observed for bacteria grown under noninduced conditions where the padC promoter is completely repressed. Three groups of modified PadRs giving a PASR phenotype were characterized in vivo. The DNA sequences of certain mutant padR alleles indicate that important residues are all located in the region containing the coiled-coil leucine zipper domain that is involved in dimerization. These substitutions reduce the affinity of PadR binding to the padC promoter. Of particular interest are residue L128, located at the center of the putative coiled-coil leucine zipper domain, and residue E97, which is conserved among all PadRs.

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Phenolic Acid-Mediated Regulation of the padC Gene, Encoding the Phenolic Acid Decarboxylase of Bacillus subtilis

Cited by 65 publications

References 35 publications

Single nucleotide polymorphisms and transcription analysis of genes involved in ferulic acid decarboxylation among different beer yeasts

Single nucleotide polymorphisms and transcription analysis of genes involved in ferulic acid decarboxylation among different beer yeasts

Genome Sequence ofStreptococcus gallolyticus: Insights into Its Adaptation to the Bovine Rumen and Its Ability To Cause Endocarditis

Genetic and Biochemical Analysis of PadR- padC Promoter Interactions during the Phenolic Acid Stress Response in Bacillus subtilis 168

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