Phenolic-Compound-Extraction Systems for Fruit and Vegetable Samples

Abstract

This paper reviews the phenolic-compound-extraction systems used to analyse fruit and vegetable samples over the last 10 years. Phenolic compounds are naturally occurring antioxidants, usually found in fruits and vegetables. Sample preparation for analytical studies is necessary to determine the polyphenolic composition in these matrices. The most widely used extraction system is liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), which is an inexpensive method since it involves the use of organic solvents, but it requires long extraction times, giving rise to possible extract degradation. Likewise, solid-phase extraction (SPE) can be used in liquid samples. Modern techniques, which have been replacing conventional ones, include: supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). These alternative techniques reduce considerably the use of solvents and accelerate the extraction process.

Study of the Efficacy of Two Extraction Techniques from <i>Crithmum maritimum</i> and<i> Salicornia europaea</i>

“…As can be observed, the yield and TFC values were significantly lower in SFE extracts as compared to UAE extracts. According to other works in the literature, UAE significantly increases the extraction yield and the phenolic compounds of many natural matrices, reducing the extraction time compared to alternative extraction methods as SFE [13,33].…”

“…The most commonly used methods for obtaining antioxidant compounds from plants are the extractions with solvents characterized by different polarities; however, these methods (i.e., Soxhlet extraction, maceration and solvent extraction) require considerable volumes of solvent and are expensive and disadvantageous [13,14]. To considerably reduce solvent consumption and accelerate the extraction process, unconventional techniques have been recently investigated [13,15].…”

“…To considerably reduce solvent consumption and accelerate the extraction process, unconventional techniques have been recently investigated [13,15]. Studies on ultrasoundassisted extraction (UAE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) for bioactive compounds extraction by different matrices have been developed in order to abbreviate the extraction time, increase the extraction yield and preclude the degradation of phenolic compounds [15,16,17].…”

Extraction of rosmarinic acid from Melissa officinalis L. by heat-, microwave- and ultrasound-assisted extraction techniques: A comparative study through response surface analysis

“…The most relevant are supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, liquid CO 2 extraction, UAE, MAE and HAE [38][39][40]. There are few works that compare the conventional and alternative extraction techniques [10,17,35].…”

Narın Farklı Bölümlerinin Polifenol İçeriği, Antioksidan ve Antibakteriyel Aktivitesi Üzerine Ekstraksiyon Çözgenlerinin Etkisi

“…Since the polarities of phenolic compounds which contain multiple hydroxyl group that can be conjugated to sugars, acids or alkyl groups vary significantly, to date, a single method for optimum extraction of all polyphenols could not have been developed [7]. Currently, the methods used for polyphenol extraction are solid-liquid extraction, liquidliquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction [7]. Among all these extraction methods, the most widely used one is the solid-liquid extraction for solid samples [4].…”