Phenolic Profile, Inhibition of α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Enzymes, and Antioxidant Properties of Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. (Solanaceae): In Vitro and In Silico Investigations

Abstract

In this study, the chemical composition and the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of S. elaeagnifolium flower (SEFl), fruit (SEFr), and leaf (SEFe) extracts were investigated in vitro and in silico. HPLC-DAD analysis was used to determine the chemical components. Colorimetric techniques were used to identify polyphenols and flavonoids. The antioxidant capacity was determined using DPPH and TAC assays. The antidiabetic activity was examined using the enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Molecular docking methods were used to assess the anti-dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) activity. According to HPLC findings, extracts of S. elaeagnifolium flowers, leaves, and fruits are rich in salicylic acid, sinapic acid, chlorogenic acid, naringin, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-beta-glucoside, kaempferol, and chalcone. The IC50 for flower, leaf, and fruit extracts were 132 ± 5.59 μg/mL, 43.19 ± 1.46 μg/mL, and 132 ± 5.59 μg/mL, respectively. The total antioxidant capacity of SEFr, SEFe, and SEFl were determined to be 900.06 ± 4.01 μg AAE/mg, 792.10 ± 6.72 μg AAE/mg, and 681.10 ± 3.02 μg AAE/mg, respectively. Importantly, SEFe, SEFl, and SEFr displayed significant anti-α-amylase activity, with IC50 values of 79.16 ± 2.35 µg/mL, 99.16 ± 1.17 µg/mL, and 40.31 ± 2.04 µg/mL, respectively. The results also showed that SEFr, SEFe, and SEFl all exhibited potent anti-α-glucosidase activity, whose IC50 values were determined to be 20.53 ± 0.37 µg/mL (SEFr), 20.05 ± 0.12 µg/mL (SEFe), and 41.1 ± 1.55 µg/mL (SEFl). Molecular docking of S. elaeagnifolium phenolic compounds in the active site of DPP-IV revealed a strong inhibitory effect, with a glide score ranging from −2.63 to −8.10 Kcal/mol. Notably—with glide scores of −8.10, −6.23, −5.73, and −5.37 Kcal/mol—rutin, quercetin-3-O-beta-glucoside, chalcone, and naringin were the most active molecules against DPP-IV.

Uplc-Hr-Esi-MS Analysis and Antiproliferative and Anti-Diabesity Screening of Flowers, Roots, and Aerial Parts of Solanum Elaeagnifolium Cav.

“…Varied species of the genus Solanum are used traditionally for various diseases, and many of them were supported experimentally, including cancer, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes [24]; their therapeutic benefits are typically related to their secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids [4,5]. Moreover, the extraction of the same plant part using different solvents results in variable secondary metabolites affecting the extracts' pharmacological activities [31]. Also, various parts of S. elaeagnifolium exhibited diverse pharmacological properties, and it is worth continuing in search of additional biological activities of the different extracts of this species, considering its surplus availability and its morphological and genetic variations [27][28][29].…”

“…Earlier different phenolic acids (salicylic-, cinnamic-, sinapic-, ferulic-, chlorogenic-and gallic acids), and flavonoids (quercetin, rutin, and kaempferol) were reported in the various parts of S. elaeagnifolium. These compounds have antioxidant properties and contribute to the various biological effects of this species (anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-microbial) [31]. Besides, the identified flavonoid naringin has evidenced (in vitro, in silco, and in vivo) anti-diabetic effects [35,36].…”

GC-MS chemical profiling, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities of ethyl acetate fraction of Spilanthes filicaulis (Schumach. and Thonn.) C.D. Adams leaves: experimental and computational studies

“…The effect of EFSFL on intestinal α-glucosidase activity was evaluated using a technique described by ( Bouslamti et al, 2023 ), which quantified the glucose generated by sucrose breakdown. To perform the assay, 100 µl of sucrose (50 mM), 1000 µl of phosphate buffer (50 mM; pH = 7.5), and 100 µl of α-glycosidase enzyme solution were prepared as the test solution (10 I.U.).…”

Phytochemical Profile, Antilipase, Hemoglobin Antiglycation, Antihyperglycemic, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.

“…It thrives in a wide range of habitats, including arid and semi-arid regions, disturbed areas, roadsides, and agricultural lands. Its ability to adapt to a variety of climates and soil conditions has contributed to its widespread distribution across these regions [15,16].…”

“…It can survive in areas with high temperatures, low precipitation, and high salinity levels, making it ideal for arid and drought-prone environments [17]. S. elaeagnifolium has a variety of beneficial biological activities, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, insecticidal, molluscicidal, larvicidal, antimicrobial, chemopreventive, and antitumor properties [15,16,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. These various activities can be attributed to the presence of key compounds such as quercetin, gallic acid, kaempferol, and naringenin, which play an important role in mediating these effects [15,16].…”