Phenological growth stages of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) according to the extended BBCH scale

Abstract

Background Phenological studies are a prerequisite for accomplishing higher productivity and better crop quality in cultivated plants. However, there are no phenological studies on Panax ginseng that improve its production yield. This study aims to redefine the phenological growth stages of P. ginseng based on the existing Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie (BBCH) scale and proposes a disease control reference. Methods This study was conducted at the Korea Ginseng Corporation Experiment Station in Gyeonggi province, South Korea. Phenological observations were performed once weekly or twice monthly, based on the developmental stages. The existing BBCH scale with a three-digit code was used to redefine and update P. ginseng ’s phenological growth codes. Results The phenological description is divided into eight principal growth stages: three for vegetative growth (perennating bud, aerial shoot, and root development), four for reproductive growth (reproductive organ development, flowering, fruit development, and fruit maturation), and one for senescence according to the extended BBCH scale. A total of 58 secondary growth stages were described within the eight principal growth stages. Under each secondary growth stage, four mesostages are also taken into account, which contains the distinct patterns of the phenological characteristics in ginseng varieties and the process of transplanting seedlings. A practical management program for disease control was also proposed by using the BBCH code and the phenological data proposed in this work. Conclusion The study introduces an extended BBCH scale for the phenological research of P. ginseng .

Phenological growth stages of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus according to the Biologische Bundesanstalt Bundessortenamt and Chemical Industry (BBCH) scale

“…Characterizing the growth and development stages of plants can help to understand the specific development periods and important morphological changes in the entire growth and development cycle of plants, which is of great significance for the cultivation and domestication of wild species in the future. There have been many reports, such as Korean red ginseng (Kim et al, 2020), stevia (Carneiro, 2007), Solanum muricatum (Herraiz et al, 2015), which describe the various growth and development stages of plants through the BBCH scale. Traditionally, the growth and development cycle of Astragalus has been generally divided into the transplanting seedling stage, bud flowering stage, rhizome elongation period, fruit ripening stage, rhizome thickening period (Guo et al, 2019), the time interval between each stage of this division is long this way, and the boundaries between the stages are blurred, resulting in an indistinct description of each stage.…”

“…Characterizing the growth and development stages of plants can help to understand the specific development periods and important morphological changes in the entire growth and development cycle of plants, which is of great significance for the cultivation and domestication of wild species in the future. There have been many reports, such as Korean red ginseng (Kim et al, 2020), stevia (Carneiro, 2007), Solanum muricatum (Herraiz et al, 2015), which describe the various…”

“…Phenological scales are widely used to characterize the phenological growth stage of plants (Atay, 2013; Martinelli et al, 2015). While proposing a reference for the timing of agrochemical use for disease control, Kim et al (2020) described the phenological growth stages of Korea ginseng using the extended BBCH scale. However, there are no phenological studies on Astragalus L. for sustainable agricultural production.…”

Phenological growth stages of shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa subsp. paradoxa) according to the BBCH scale

“…As system in which homologous phenological stages of different crops are presented by the same codes, the BBCH scale makes easy, the communication between scientists around the world. Indeed, the use of a universal scale (BBCH) based on decimal coding system has supported the designing of crop‐specific phenological scales in several crops (Adiga et al, 2019; Alcaraz et al, 2013; Delgado et al, 2011; Guan et al, 2021; Kim et al, 2021; Rajan et al, 2011; Singh et al, 2021).…”

Phenological Assessment for Agronomic Suitability of Some Agastache Species Based on Standardized BBCH Scale

“…Revived interest in applicative nature of plant phenology is evidenced by new works on phenological description based on standardized BBCH growth stages for various other herbaceous plants, such as stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) [49], yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus) [50], ginseng (Panax ginseng) [51], chia (Slavia hispanica) [52], lulo (Solanum quitoense var. septentrionale) [53], Gaúcho tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) [54], chilli (Capsicum annuum, C. chinense, C. baccatum) [55], Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) [56], Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) [57], the weed green foxtail (Setaria viridis) [58] and Mediterranean forage legumes [59].…”