Phenological growth stages of longan (Dimocarpus longan) according to the BBCH scale

Pham, Van Thinh; Herrero, M.; Hormaza, J. I.

doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2015.03.036

Cited by 34 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The side shoots are usually shorter and thinner than the first developed shoots, and appear to bear no flowers or fruits. These phenomena and development periods resemble those of lychee in southern China and longan in Spain [30,31].…”

Section: Principal Growth Stage 3: Shoot Developmentmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…Vegetative growth spanned three principal stages at our location in southern China: bud (00-09), leaf (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19) and shoot (31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39) development. The growth cycle of S. mukorossi differed from those of longan and lychee trees in southern China; these latter species have a period of dormancy in winter after completing the growth of shoot and then start the reproductive period in the spring of next year.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Like longan and lychee, S. mukorossi had far more functional male than female flowers, and the two types of flowers bloomed at different times [30,31]. While it varies in the confamiliar member Xanthoceras sorbifolia, in which male and female flowers bloom synchronously on the same shoot.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The anatomy, cytology [48], microRNAs [49], physiological phytohormones and nutrients [50], temperature and humidity [31], and other factors influencing flower induction and floral differentiation have been investigated in lychee, longan, and X. sorbifolia over many years. Studies have also examined the regulation of the flowering period and the gender ratio in these resembled species, via exogenous hormone spraying and potassium chlorate (KClO 3 ) application [51][52][53].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Phenological Growth Stages of Sapindus mukorossi According to BBCH Scale

Zhao

Gao

et al. 2019

Forests

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Sapindus mukorossi is a native tree in southern China that has multiple useful functions, including high landscaping, ecological, esthetic, and economic values. More importantly, its fruits are being rapidly developed as raw materials for bioenergy and saponin production in southern China. To provide a standardized phenological description of the species, this study firstly used the BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie) scale. In total, eight principal stages-i.e., bud, leaf and shoot development, inflorescence emergence, flowering, fruit development, fruit maturity, senescence and beginning of dormancy-and 58 secondary stages were described. It ranges from vegetative bud dormancy to the onset of the next beginning of the dormancy, using a two-digit numerical coding system. In addition to the descriptions, we provide photographic images of some major developmental stages to standardize morphological characteristics and the phenological observation of S. mukorossi. This study will be an asset for biological researches and cultivation management in Sapindus, and will provide valuable information for other fruit trees. mass of the kernel. Approximately 98% of the oil is stable medium-chain monounsaturated fatty acid, of which oleic and linoleic acids are the major components (>62.5%) [5][6][7][8]. The pericarp is rich in triterpenoid saponins and sesquiterpenoids that are widely used in skin care products, and have been developed as a natural source of surfactants [9][10][11][12]. Recent research shows that these saponins have the functional activities of hepatoprotective effects, anticancer proliferation, and killing sperm; they are also used for herbicidal and antioxidant [13][14][15][16]. These excellent properties make S. mukorossi an attractive candidate for further forest development. The species has been included in a Chinese national forestry biomass energy development project that will apply from 2011 to 2020. Several Chinese provinces (e.g., Fujian, Guizhou, Guangdong, Zhejiang Provinces, China) have planted forests on a large scale as raw material sources, and to facilitate many related enterprises. Programs for genetic analysis and selective improvement of species varieties are currently underway, along with developments in planting techniques, studies of biological characteristics, processing and utilization, and the establishment of a sustainable industrial chain [17][18][19][20].S. mukorossi trees can grow to about 30 m in height. They bloom at 4-5 years after seedlings have been planted. The inflorescence is a large terminal panicle growing in a sequence of 1, 2, 3 side axes on the primary axis. The floret is bisexual; each inflorescence contains small functional male and female flowers, which are light yellow to white-and each has five calyxes, five petals, eight stamens, and an ovary comprising 3-5 carpels. Functional male flowers usually bloom before females, although this sequence is sometimes reversed. The main pollinators are species of bees, flies, and butte...

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Section: Principal Growth Stage 3: Shoot Developmentmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The Phenological Growth Stages of Sapindus mukorossi According to BBCH Scale

Zhao

Gao

et al. 2019

Forests

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“…The phenological developments of many important economic crops such as pineapple – Ananas comosus (Zhang et al, ), Musaceae (Gonzales et al, ), Ziziphus jujube (Hernàndez et al, Hernández, Legua, Melgarejo, Martínez, & Martínez, ), cocoa – Theobroma sp. (Niemenak et al, ), Actinidia deliciosa ‘Hayward’ (Salinero, Vela, & Sainz, ), mango – Mangifera indica L. (Hernández Delgado et al, ), Prunus avium L. (Fadón, Herrero, & Rodrigo, ), torch ginger – Etlingera elatior (Choon & Ding, ), longan Dimocarpus longan (Pham, Herrero, & Hormaza, ) and several others were described employing this standard technique.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thaumatococcus daniellii phenology and growing degree day requirements under different irradiance and fertiliser levels

Khairlani

Abdullah

2020

Annals of Applied Biology

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Thaumatococcus daniellii is a rhizomatous monocotyledonous, perennial herb species of the Marantaceae family. The fruit aril contains thaumatin, a sweet protein with sweetness intensity that is about 1,600-3,000 times that of sucrose and is extensively employed as a natural sweetener. The species has potential as an imperative economic crop if cultivated under proper agronomic practices. Phenological development and thermal time requirements are critical to ensuring a high yield. The aim of this study was to determine the phenological stages according to the BBCH scale and growing degree days (GDDs) under different irradiance and fertiliser levels. Seedlings were raised from rhizomes and grown on the field using a randomised complete block design with four treatments and three replications. The study was carried out at the Botanical Garden, Shah Alam, Malaysia, from July 2014 to February 2017. The treatments consisted of combinations of two irradiance and two fertiliser levels, which were designated as high irradiance with either low (T1) or high fertiliser (T2) and low irradiance with either low (T3) or high fertiliser (T4). A detailed phenological development using two-and three-digit coding systems was conducted on 12 clumps (one clump/replicate/treatment). The species has eight principal stages, which include bud and leaf development, formation of side tillering, petiole elongation, emergence of synflorescence, flowering, fruit development and fruit maturity. Both irradiance and fertiliser levels affected certain phenological stages; with leaf, tiller, synflorescence and fruit strongly influenced by irradiance levels. Leaf growth was more vigorous under high irradiances compared with low irradiances and took about 36 to 42 days to attain full maturity. The clump growth or size is a function of tiller numbers. The tiller number increased with increase in clump age. The onset of certain phenological stages was associated with clump age. The clumps commenced production of synflorescence when tiller number was in the range of 30 to 40, and started fruit formation when tiller number reached 70. Both events occurred under a combination treatment of high irradiance with high fertiliser. The GDD requirement of any phenological stage or development of any plant part is contingent upon the duration of a particular stage or process, as measured in days after emergence or transplanting.The longer the duration, the higher the GDD and it varies with treatments. The total GDD required for the completion of the single leaf growth ranged from 852 to 1,022 C, while the emergence of synflorescence under high irradiance occurred with

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Genetics and Breeding of Fruit Crops in the Sapindaceae Family: Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) and Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.)

Lora

Hormaza

2018

Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Fruits

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Phenological growth stages of longan (Dimocarpus longan) according to the BBCH scale

Cited by 34 publications

References 2 publications

The Phenological Growth Stages of Sapindus mukorossi According to BBCH Scale

The Phenological Growth Stages of Sapindus mukorossi According to BBCH Scale

Thaumatococcus daniellii phenology and growing degree day requirements under different irradiance and fertiliser levels

Genetics and Breeding of Fruit Crops in the Sapindaceae Family: Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) and Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.)

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