With the constant growth in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the last 50 years or so, electronic communication has become part of the present day system of living. Equally, smileys or emoticons were innovated in 1982, and today the genre has attained a substantial patronage in various aspects of computer-mediated communication (CMC). Ever since written forms of electronic communication lack the face-to-face (F2F) situation attributes, emoticons are seen as socio-emotional suppliers to the CMC. This article reviews scholarly research in that field in order to compile variety of investigations on the application of emoticons in some facets of CMC, i.e. Facebook, Instant Messaging (IM), and Short Messaging Service (SMS). Key findings of the review show that emoticons do not just serve as paralanguage elements rather they are compared to word morphemes with distinctive significative functions. In other words, they are morpheme-like units and could be derivational, inflectional, or abbreviations but not unbound. The findings also indicate that emoticons could be conventionalized as well as being paralinguistic elements, therefore, they should be approached as contributory to conversation itself not mere compensatory to language.

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An experiment was carried out at the Regional Sugarcane Research Station, Gazipur in which carbofuran (2 kg AI/ha) was applied in sugarcane field to document the level of carbofuran residue left in soil and plant samples after different days of application (DAA). Plant and soil samples were analyzed by using GCMS-EI. Carbofuran residues were found even at 90 DAA both in soil and plant. In case of soil, the amount of carbofuran residues were 24.84, 3.32, 2.12, 0.59, 0.035, 0.02 and 0.005 ppm at 0, 3, 7, 15, 30, 60 and 90 DAA, respectively. In case of plant samples, the lower residue (0.0035 ppm) was observed at 0 DAA compared to those at 3 DAA (0.075 ppm), 7 DAA (0.035 ppm) and 15 DAA (0.015 ppm). At 60 and 90 DAA, residues were the same (0.002 ppm) while at 30 DAA it was 0.0025 ppm. The highest level of carbofuran residue (0.075 ppm) in plant samples was found at 3 DAA which is lower than FAO/WHO recommended MRL (0.1mg/kg crop).

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