Phonocardiography in the Horse: 1. The Intracardiac Phonocardiogram

Brown, Christopher M.; Holmes, Robert

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1979.tb01285.x

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…This may have been because these animals were consistently thinner and finer coated than the other horses examined, allowing more sound to reach the body surface. An investigation using the sensitive technique of intracardiac phonocardiography found flow murmurs to be present in all the horses examined (Brown and Holmes 1979). Excitement resulting in increased blood velocity in the outflow tract could have been a factor in the production of these murmurs in pleasure horses, which tended to be more excitable than the racehorses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

A survey of cardiac auscultatory findings in horses

Patteson

Cripps

1993

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Summary Auscultation was used to examine 545 horses for cardiac murmurs and some arrhythmias. The most significant finding was the high prevalence of right‐sided holosystolic or pansystolic plateau‐type murmurs compatible with a diagnosis of tricuspid regurgitation in National Hunt racing Thoroughbreds of all ages (16.4%). This condition was found in 4.7% of flat‐racing Thoroughbreds, 3.7% of non‐racing Thoroughbreds and Thoroughbred crosses, and in none of the ponies examined. High prevalences of left‐sided early systolic murmurs (53%), left‐sided early diastolic murmurs (23%), right‐sided early diastolic murmurs (22%) and second degree atrioventricular block (23%) were found in racehorses of both types.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

A survey of cardiac auscultatory findings in horses

Patteson

Cripps

1993

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…1. The ECG-based monitoring is the most common method in both human and animal cardiac monitoring, but only limited number of studies [53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64] have explored the application of the alternative methods in measuring the cardiac activity of animals. The basic principles of the individual techniques and their practical use in veterinary can be summarised as follows: a) Phonocardiography-a passive, low-cost method and one of the oldest techniques for recording the sounds of the heart.…”

Section: Acquisition Of Cardiac Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other meth-ods use, for example, a piezoelectric crystal placed on the head of a metal shaft which contacts a membrane [67], principle of induction [68], or non-invasive fibre-optics [69]. The PCG method was used for the HR monitoring in dogs [53], horses [54,55], and to monitor pregnancy in cattle [56]. b) Photoplethysmography-uses a light source and a photodetector to measure variations of volume in blood circulation [70].…”

Section: Acquisition Of Cardiac Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternative measurement systems for recording cardiac activity in animals: a pilot study

et al. 2022

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Monitoring and assessing cardiac activity in animals, especially heart rate variability, has been gaining importance in the last few years as an indicator of animal health, well-being and physical condition. This pilot study tested the sensors based on ballistocardiography sensing the mechanical vibrations caused by the animal’s cardiovascular system, which have proved useful in measuring cardiac activity in humans. To verify the accuracy of these measurement systems, the conventional measurements based on electrocardiography were carried out and the outcomes were compared. The main objectives were to verify the suitability of these sensors in measuring cardiac activity in animals, to determine the advantages and disadvantages of these sensors, and to identify future challenges. Measurements were performed on various animals, specifically a goat, a cow, a horse, and a sheep. Electrocardiographic measurement, which has demonstrated high accuracy in procedures for animals, was used as the study’s gold standard. A disadvantage of this method, however, is the long time required to prepare animals and shear spots to attach electrodes. The accuracy of a ballistocardiographic sensor was compared to reference electrocardiographic signals based on Bland–Altman plots which analysed the current heart rate values. Unfortunately, the ballistocardiographic sensor was highly prone to poor adhesion to the animal’s body, sensor movement when the animal was restless, and motion artefacts. Ballistocardiographic sensors were shown only to be effective with larger animals, i.e., the horse and the cow, the size of these animals allowing sufficient contact of the sensor with the animal’s body. However, this method’s most significant advantage over the conventional method based on electrocardiography is lower preparation time, since there is no need for precise and time-demanding fixation of the sensor itself and the necessity of shaving the animal’s body.

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“…In addition, increased intensity and persistence of S3 are associated with larger left atrial and left ventricular dimensions, lower ejection fraction, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, and restrictive filling patterns [13][14][15]. In healthy horses, all four heart sounds can frequently be heard on auscultation [2,16,17]. Although S3 can reach a higher intensity in horses with heart disease, accurate methods of quantifying the strength and persistence of S3 are lacking, and the diagnostic and prognostic value currently remains uncertain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Audicor Acoustic Cardiography Device as a Diagnostic Tool in Horses with Mitral or Aortic Valve Insufficiency

Piotrowski,

Junge,

Schwarzwald

2024

Animals

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Mitral and aortic valve insufficiencies have been commonly reported in horses. The objective of this study was to establish the use of acoustic cardiography (Audicor®) in horses with aortic (AI) or mitral valve insufficiency (MI). A total of 17 healthy horses, 18 horses with AI, and 28 horses with MI were prospectively included. None of the horses was in heart failure. Echocardiography and Audicor® analyses were conducted. Electromechanical activating time (EMAT), rate-corrected EMATc, left ventricular systolic time (LVST), rate-corrected LVSTc, and intensity and persistence of the third and fourth heart sound (S3, S4) were reported by Audicor®. Graphical analysis of the three-dimensional (3D) phonocardiogram served to visually detect murmurs. Audicor® snapshot variables were compared between groups using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple-comparisons test. The association between Audicor® snapshot variables and the corresponding echocardiographic variables was investigated by linear regression and Bland–Altman analyses. Heart murmurs were not displayed on Audicor® phonocardiograms. No significant differences were found between Audicor® variables obtained in clinically healthy horses and horses with valvular insufficiency. The Audicor® device is unable to detect heart murmurs in horses. Audicor® variables representing cardiac function are not markedly altered, and their association with corresponding echocardiographic variables is poor in horses with valvular insufficiency that are not in heart failure.

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Phonocardiography in the Horse: 1. The Intracardiac Phonocardiogram

Cited by 14 publications

References 25 publications

A survey of cardiac auscultatory findings in horses

A survey of cardiac auscultatory findings in horses

Alternative measurement systems for recording cardiac activity in animals: a pilot study

Evaluation of the Audicor Acoustic Cardiography Device as a Diagnostic Tool in Horses with Mitral or Aortic Valve Insufficiency

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