Phosgene

Schneider, W.; Diller, Werner

doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_411

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Depending on the used process, the cooling temperature lies between 50 °C in a cold phosgene generator and above 200 °C in a hot phosgene generator, respectively. Due to the highly exothermic behavior (−107.6 kJ mol −1 ), hot spots up to about 500 °C within the generators can be observed .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phosgene has been widely utilized as not only an important building block to initiate phosgenation and polycondensation but also a precursor in various industries including polymers (polycarbonates, polyisocyanates, polyurethanes, etc. ), pharmaceutical, dyestuff, and textile . Phosgene was discovered by J. Davy based on the reaction of CO and Cl 2 under illumination of sunlight over 200 years ago .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phosgene was discovered by J. Davy based on the reaction of CO and Cl 2 under illumination of sunlight over 200 years ago . The current manufacturing process consists of an activated‐carbon (AC) fixed‐bed reactor to convert CO and Cl 2 to phosgene (Scheme ) under an excess of CO feed to completely consume the corrosive Cl 2 . Although the long‐standing process is reliable and favorable for a large‐scale production of phosgene, the development of new stable carbon‐based catalysts with high activity, low cost, and a strong tolerance towards impurities contaminated in feed gases will effectively lower operating expenses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reactor Design and Kinetic Study on Adsorption/Desorption of CO and Cl₂ for Industrial Phosgene Synthesis

Bähr

Moon

Diedenhoven

et al. 2018

Chemie Ingenieur Technik

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The aim of this work is the utilization of carbon monoxide (CO) from steel mill gases for the synthesis of phosgene, which can further react with phenol to building blocks for polymers. The effect of impurities like NOx, CO2, and O2 on the activity and stability of the activated‐carbon (AC) catalyst and the follow‐up products should be evaluated. Therefore, new porous carbon catalysts and a new reactor are designed for a systematic kinetic study on the adsorption and desorption behaviors of CO and chlorine (Cl2) on carbon‐based materials to identify AC catalysts with optimum physical properties.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reactor Design and Kinetic Study on Adsorption/Desorption of CO and Cl₂ for Industrial Phosgene Synthesis

Bähr

Moon

Diedenhoven

et al. 2018

Chemie Ingenieur Technik

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“…As one of the most important and common chemical industry compounds, the phosgene gas and its inhalation damage receives extensive attention [ 33 ]. Some pathogenic and genomic mechanisms of the pulmonary injury activated by phosgene exposure have been studied [ 30 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detecting the tipping points in a three-state model of complex diseases by temporal differential networks

Chen

Liu

et al. 2017

J Transl Med

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BackgroundThe progression of complex diseases, such as diabetes and cancer, is generally a nonlinear process with three stages, i.e., normal state, pre-disease state, and disease state, where the pre-disease state is a critical state or tipping point immediately preceding the disease state. Traditional biomarkers aim to identify a disease state by exploiting the information of differential expressions for the observed molecules, but may fail to detect a pre-disease state because there are generally little significant differences between the normal and pre-disease states. Thus, it is challenging to signal the pre-disease state, which actually implies the disease prediction.MethodsIn this work, by exploiting the information of differential associations among the observed molecules between the normal and pre-disease states, we propose a temporal differential network based computational method to accurately signal the pre-disease state or predict the occurrence of severe disease. The theoretical foundation of this work is the quantification of the critical state using dynamical network biomarkers.ResultsConsidering that there is one stationary Markov process before reaching the tipping point, a novel index, inconsistency score (I-score), is proposed to quantitatively measure the change of the stationary processes from the normal state so as to detect the onset of pre-disease state. In other words, a drastic increase of I-score implies the high inconsistency with the preceding stable state and thus signals the upcoming critical transition. This approach is applied to the simulated and real datasets of three diseases, which demonstrates the effectiveness of our method for predicting the deterioration into disease states. Both functional analysis and pathway enrichment also validate the computational results from the perspectives of both molecules and networks.ConclusionsAt the molecular network level, this method provides a computational way of unravelling the underlying mechanism of the dynamical progression when a biological system is near the tipping point, and thus detecting the early-warning signal of the imminent critical transition, which may help to achieve timely intervention. Moreover, the rewiring of differential networks effectively extracts discriminatively interpretable features, and systematically demonstrates the dynamical change of a biological system.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-017-1320-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…The chlorine radicals then either (i) abstract hydrogen from the hydrocarbon to leave behind organic radicals that can react with spare chlorine radicals or (ii) combine with thermally generated organic radicals directly to form organochlorine compounds. The presence of phosgene might be expected when it is noted that this gas can be synthesized by combining carbon monoxide and chlorine in the presence of a carbon catalyst [ Schneider and Diller , ]. Interestingly, excepting phosgene, only the fully chlorine‐substituted C 1 compound was detected, perhaps indicating the efficiency of the laboratory chlorination reaction with pure materials.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perchlorate‐induced combustion of organic matter with variable molecular weights: Implications for Mars missions

Sephton

Lewis

Watson

et al. 2014

Geophysical Research Letters

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Instruments on the Viking landers and Curiosity rover analyzed samples of Mars and detected carbon dioxide and organic compounds of uncertain origin. Mineral-assisted reactions are leading to uncertainty, particularly those involving perchlorate minerals which thermally decompose to produce chlorine and oxygen which can then react with organic matter to generate organochlorine compounds and carbon dioxide. Although generally considered a problem for interpretation, the release profiles of generated gases can indicate the type of organic matter present. We have performed a set of experiments with perchlorate and organic matter of variable molecular weights. Results indicate that organic susceptibility to thermal degradation and mineral-assisted reactions is related to molecular weight. Low molecular weight organic matter reacts at lower temperatures than its high molecular weight counterparts. The natural occurrence and association of organic matter with differing molecular weights helps to discriminate between contamination (usually low molecular weight organic matter only) and indigenous carbon (commonly low and high molecular weight organic matter together). Our results can be used to provide insights into data returning from Mars.

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Phosgene

Abstract: The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Properties … Show more

Cited by 14 publications

References 38 publications

Reactor Design and Kinetic Study on Adsorption/Desorption of CO and Cl₂ for Industrial Phosgene Synthesis

Reactor Design and Kinetic Study on Adsorption/Desorption of CO and Cl₂ for Industrial Phosgene Synthesis

Detecting the tipping points in a three-state model of complex diseases by temporal differential networks

Perchlorate‐induced combustion of organic matter with variable molecular weights: Implications for Mars missions

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Phosgene

Abstract: The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Properties … Show more

Cited by 14 publications

References 38 publications

Reactor Design and Kinetic Study on Adsorption/Desorption of CO and Cl2 for Industrial Phosgene Synthesis

Reactor Design and Kinetic Study on Adsorption/Desorption of CO and Cl2 for Industrial Phosgene Synthesis

Detecting the tipping points in a three-state model of complex diseases by temporal differential networks

Perchlorate‐induced combustion of organic matter with variable molecular weights: Implications for Mars missions

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Product

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Reactor Design and Kinetic Study on Adsorption/Desorption of CO and Cl₂ for Industrial Phosgene Synthesis

Reactor Design and Kinetic Study on Adsorption/Desorption of CO and Cl₂ for Industrial Phosgene Synthesis