Phosphate flame retardants and novel brominated flame retardants in home-produced eggs from an e-waste recycling region in China

Abstract

h i g h l i g h t sEH-TBB, BEH-TEBP and PFRs were measured in free-range chicken eggs. Chlorinated PFRs had higher detection frequencies than non-chlorinated PFRs in eggs. TPHP had a higher detection frequency in albumen; BEH-TEBP was higher in yolks. Dust ingestion is a more important pathway than egg intake in human exposure to PFRs. a r t i c l e i n f o b s t r a c tPhosphate flame retardants (PFRs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) (2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-benzoate (EH-TBB) and bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-phthalate (BEH-TEBP)) were measured in free-range chicken eggs from three e-waste recycling sites and a negative control site located in Guangdong province, Southern China. BEH-TEBP, tris-(chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP), tris-(chloropropyl)-phosphate ( P TCPP, two isomers) and tris-(1,3-dichloroisopropyl)-phosphate (TDCIPP) were detected in more than 50% of eggs samples with low concentrations. The median values of BEH-TEBP and total PFRs were 0.17e0.46 ng/g ww (wet weight) and 1.62e2.59 ng/g ww in eggs from the e-waste sites, respectively. The results indicate that EH-TBB, BEH-TEBP and PFRs are less persistent and bioaccumulative than polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in chicken eggs, and possibly also in other bio-matrices. Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) were identified in albumen with higher frequencies, but at similar concentrations compared to yolk, while BEH-TEBP was mainly detected in yolk. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of BEH-TEBP and total PFRs from consumption of chicken eggs ranged from 0.03 to 0.09 and 0.32e0.52 ng/kg bw/day for adults, and 0.20e0.54 and 1.89e3.02 ng/kg bw/day for children in ewaste sites, respectively. Indoor dust ingestion seems to be a more important pathway for the intake of these FRs, while egg consumption is probably a more important exposure pathway for PBDEs.

Recent biomonitoring reports on phosphate ester flame retardants: a short review

“…For volatile or semi-volatile PEFRs (e.g., TCEP, tris(1-chloro-2propyl) phosphate -TCIPP), air and suspended particles inhalation may be a significant intake pathway (Schreder et al, 2016;Xu et al, 2016;He et al, 2018c). Ingestion of contaminated food (e.g., by migration from plastic packaging) may contribute to oral intake of PEFRs, but its contribution appears to vary substantially between compounds, as well as between and within populations (Zhang et al, 2016;Zheng et al, 2016;Xu et al, 2017;Poma et al, 2017Poma et al, , 2018.…”

Regression models to estimate total concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers: data from NHANES 2003–2004

“…In a brominated flame retardant production area in China, decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was detected in air and diet, and in addition, BDE-209 was found to be the dominant compound found to be present as a result of inhalation . In another study in China, egg consumption was suggested to be a pathway for exposure to BDEs (Zheng et al 2015). One or more BDEs have been detected in breast milk (Chao et al 2010;Dimitriadou et al 2016;Kim et al 2012).…”

Physiochemical Properties and Environmental Levels of Legacy and Novel Brominated Flame Retardants

“…The highest PBDE concentrations were detected in fish, processed foods and fish feeds [56]. In home produced eggs from e-waste sites in China, EH-TBB and BEH-TEBP were found in low concentrations in 50% of chicken egg samples, ranged between <dl-1.82 and 1.17-2.6 ng/g for EH-TBB and BEH-TEBP, respectively [57]. bioaccumulative) had detection frequencies higher than 55% in both serum and human milk samples, while detection frequencies for other BFRs were lower than 30%.…”