Phosphorus Compounds in Sequential Extracts of Animal Manures:  Chemical Speciation and a Novel Fractionation Procedure

Abstract

Pollution of water bodies by phosphorus in runoff from soil amended with animal manures is one of the greatest threats to water quality in developed countries. The environmental fate of manure phosphorus is determined in part by its chemical composition, yet extraction procedures to assess this are poorly developed and provide no structural information. We used solution 31 P NMR spectroscopy to quantify phosphorus compounds in sequential extracts of three contrasting manures (broiler litter, beef-cattle manure, swine manure ►. Using a procedure originally developed for soils, but commonly applied to manures, phosphorus was extracted sequentially with deionized water, 0.5 M NaHCO 3, 0.1 M NaOH, and 0.5 M HCI. Water and NaHCO 3 extracted readilysoluble compounds, including phosphate, phospholipids, DNA, and simple phosphate monoesters, which are mobile in soil and biologically available. In contrast, NaOH and HCI extracted poorly soluble compounds, including phytic acid (myoinositol hexakisphosphate ► . The latter is immobile in soil and of limited biological availability. Based on these results, we developed a simplified two-step fractionation procedure involving extraction of readily soluble phosphorus in 0.5 M NaHCO3 followed by extraction of stable phosphorus in a solution containing 0.5 M NaOH and 50 mM EDTA.

Comparative genomic, proteomic and exoproteomic analyses of three Pseudomonas strains reveals novel insights into the phosphorus scavenging capabilities of soil bacteria

“…For example, based on our genomic and proteomics data, differences in the ability of the strains to degrade phospholipids, nucleic acids and organopesticides (Singh and Walker, 2006; Bigley and Raushel, 2013), as well as a likely difference in their broad organic P substrate range may have marked effects on their ability to mobilize P for a plant host under certain environmental conditions. For example, the addition of a strain comparable to DSM4166, expressing UshA and GlpQ, may increase the acquisition of P in plants when using manure as the nutrient source, which is rich in nucleic acids and phospholipids (Turner and Leytem, 2004; Shen et al ., 2011). Furthermore, DSM4166 is a known nitrogen fixer and in certain soils (nitrogen‐limited) employing this strain over that of either BIRD‐1 or SBW25 may provide more efficient plant‐growth promotion.…”

Crescimento e absorção de nutrientes pelo feijoeiro adubado com cama de aves e fertilizantes minerais

“…A CFQSRS/SC (2004) considera que 60 e 80 % dos teores de N e P presentes na cama de aves se tornam disponíveis para as plantas no primeiro cultivo, após a adubação. Nas camas de aves, o N está presente principalmente em formas orgânicas complexas e como ureia, ácido úrico, amônio e nitrato (Diaz et al, 2008), enquanto o P inorgânico encontra-se solúvel e como fosfato de cálcio dibásico e amorfo (Sato et al, 2005) e o P orgânico, predominantemente na forma de sais do ácido fítico (Turner & Leytem, 2004). A diferença de produção de MSRA e MSPA entre a cama constituída por areia e as demais possivelmente deve-se a diferenças nas taxas de liberação do P. Na cama constituída por areia, a quantidade total de cada nutriente vem exclusivamente dos dejetos animais e restos de ração, ao passo que nas demais camas esses também fazem parte da constituição de cada material utilizado como cama para as aves, o qual precisa ser decomposto para que os nutrientes sejam liberados para as plantas.…”

“…A quantidade acumulada de P pelas plantas cultivadas no tratamento que recebeu NPK mineral foi praticamente o dobro daquela acumulada pelas plantas adubadas com as camas de aves. Esse maior acúmulo de P, proporcionado pelos adubos minerais que tinham esse nutriente, relativamente aos dejetos animais, evidenciou que parte do P presente nas camas de aves não foi disponibilizada para a cultura do feijoeiro (Turner & Leytem, 2004;Sato et al, 2005). Dentre as camas, a que proporcionou menor acúmulo de P foi aquela com acícula de Pinus, que não diferiu da com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar.…”

Dietary low-phytate mutant-M 955 barley grain alters phytate degradation and mineral digestion in sheep fed high-grain diets

“…Diet, faeces (Experiments 1 and 2), chyme (Experiment 1), and urine (Experiment 2) composites were analysed for P, Ca, Fe, Mg, and Zn (Zn analysis limited to Experiment 1) and water-soluble P (excluding urine) using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) as previously described (Turner and Leytem, 2004). For total P, Ca, Fe, Mg, and Zn, diet, faeces, and chyme were ground (0.5 mm) and digested (microwaveassisted) in duplicate (1 g dry matter or 1 mL of urine), in concentrated HNO 3 and H 2 O 2 (300 g/kg), and subsequent digests were analysed.…”