Phosphorylases I and II of Maize Endosperm

Tsai, Chung‐Jung; Nelson, Oliver E.

doi:10.1104/pp.43.1.103

Cited by 103 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Such enhancement has been noted for dry matter accumulation (Groszmann and Sprague, 1948), fresh weight (Hadzi-Taskovic Sukalovic, 1985), protein granule appearance and enlargement (Duvick, 1961(Duvick, , 1963Khoo and Wolf, 1970), total proteins (DiFonzo et al, 1977(DiFonzo et al, , 1979 and zein accumulation (Wilson, 1978;Soave et al, 1981;Lee and Tsai, 1984) . Numerous enzyme assays have resulted in a temporal pattern similar to that reported by Tsai and Nelson (1968), Burr and Nelson (1973) and Baba et al (1982). Thus, extensive DNA amplification might provide both multiplicity of genes necessary for product 25 synthesis and cell enlargement, and as a consequence, a minimum of cell wall material in this ephemeral tissue.…”

Section: Nuclear Dnasupporting

confidence: 54%

Dynamics of maize endosperm development

Anaele

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Section: Nuclear Dnasupporting

confidence: 54%

Dynamics of maize endosperm development

Anaele

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“…Substrates and reagenits used in these stuidies were essenitially similar to those of the previous report (10). Protamine sulfate and N-2-hydroxvethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) w-ere purchased from Calbiochenm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…A previous report from this laboratory has slhown that 2 different phosphorylases are present in the endosperms of d-veloping maize seeds (10). The same report noted briefly that a third phosphorylase.…”

mentioning

confidence: 84%

Two Additional Phosphorylases in Developing Maize Seeds

Tsai

Nelson

1969

Plant Physiol.

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Abstract. Two additional phosphorylases (III and IV) have been detected in developing seeds of maize. Phosphorylase IV is found only in the embryo (with scutellum). It is also present in the embryo of the germinating seed where its activity is 90-fold greater then the activity in the developing embryo 22 days after pollination. Phosphorylase IV is eluted from a DEAE-cellulose column in the same fraction as phosphorylase I of the endosperm, and the 2 enzymes are similar in many respects. Phosphorylase IV is distinguished from phosphorylase I by electrophoretic mobility, by pH optimum, and because its properties are not affected by the shrunken-4 mutation.Phosphorylase III is found both in the endosperms and embryos of developing seeds. Activity for this enzyme is not detected in crude homogenates nor eluates from a DEAEcellulose column apparently because it complexes with a non-dialyzable, heat-labile inhibitor. High activity is found after protamine sulfate fractionation. Phosphorylase III is bound to protamine sulfate and is then removed by washing with 0.3 M phosphate buffer. Phosphorylase III activity in the endosperm is not detectable 8 days after pollination but is present 12 days after pollination. Phosphorylase III differs from phosphorylases I, II, and IV in several respects-pH optimum, pH-independent ATP inhibition, time of appearance in the endosperm, and because purine and pyrimidine nucleotides are equally inhibitory. In common with phosphorylase II, phosphorylase III apparently does not require a primer to initiate the synthesis of an amylose-like polymer.A previous report from this laboratory has slhown that 2 different phosphorylases are present in the endosperms of d-veloping maize seeds (10). The same report noted briefly that a third phosphorylase. III, was reve4aled after protamine sulfate fractionation. We vow present the method of isolation of phosphorylase III and the characteristics of this enzyme. We also show that the embryos of both developin.g and germinating seeds colntain a phosphoryl:ase that elutes from DEAE-cellulose columns with a linear NaCl gradient in the same fractions as phosphorylase I of the endosperm. It is, however, distinguishable by several criteria and is design-ated as phosphorylase IV.

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“…When the polysaecharides were polymertsed'direcdy in the gels, similar patterns were obtained as with the use of amylose, ~yat the overall migration of the bands was markedly retarded. it was necessary to confirm that the bands observed were due to starch synthetase activity, and not due to phosphorylase, lsozymes of the latter enzyme have been-described in maize extracts [5,6, 16|, and it was possible that these might contribute to the patterns observed, either because of endogenous glucose I-phosphate in the ADPglucose preparations used, or bec-aus~ of the breakdown of ADPglucose to glucose l-phosphate during the incubation period. This possibility was eliminated by experiments in which 20 mM inorganic phosphate was added to the incubation mixtures.…”

Section: Procedu~ For the Activity Smimmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The in vivo formation of the 1,4-0t-glucosidic bond of starch and phytoglycogen in plants is now generally considered to occur by the transfer of the glucose moiety of ADP(UDP)glucose to a 1,4-¢x-gluean chain |1-4], this transfer being catalysed by ADP(UDP) glucose: 1,4-¢x-glucan 4-ot-glucosyltransferase (starch synthetase), although a participation of phosphorylase in th~ biosynthesis of starch cannot be ruled out at tile present time [4][5][6][7]. Recent studies of starch biosynthesis have been complicated by the findings of multiple fomas of starch synthetase which differ in their properties and which mere to vary in amount during the development of plant organs [4,[8][9][10][11][12].…”

Section: ! Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%